兔动脉粥样硬化血管成形术后再狭窄模型的建立与改良*

 目的：探讨建立兔动脉粥样硬化血管成形术后再狭窄模型的有效方法。方法：30只雄性新西兰大白兔,随机分成3组,即空白对照组、下肢动脉切开组及下肢动脉穿刺组,每组10只。空白对照组仅行高脂饲料喂养,另外2组高脂饲料喂养1周后行下肢动脉穿刺或切开行髂动脉内膜剥脱术,继续高脂饲料喂养4周,下肢动脉穿刺组再次穿刺股动脉行髂动脉球囊成形术,下肢动脉切开组经颈动脉切开行髂动脉球囊成形术。3组均普通饲料喂养4周,计算每天进食饲料量,采血化验血脂,取病变段血管行苏木精-伊红染色及图像工作站对血管造影结果行血管狭窄分析。结果：下肢动脉切开组进食饲料量减少,血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著低于对照组。3组动物均出现下肢动脉粥样硬化,其中下肢动脉穿刺组及下肢动脉切开组内膜显著增厚,管腔狭窄。动脉穿刺组与动脉切开组血管面积狭窄率及直径狭窄率与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.01)。结论：下肢动脉穿刺与球囊损伤、球囊血管成形术结合可成功建立兔动脉粥样硬化血管成形术后再狭窄模型,方法简单,可重复性强,较下肢动脉切开术更适合血管成形术后再狭窄模型的建立。     

Cognitive processing load across a wide range of listening conditions: Insights from pupillometry

The pupil response to speech masked by interfering speech was assessed across an intelligibility range from 0% to 99% correct. In total, 37 participants aged between 18 and 36 years and with normal hearing were included. Pupil dilation was largest at intermediate intelligibility levels, smaller at high intelligibility, and slightly smaller at very difficult levels. Participants who reported that they often gave up listening at low intelligibility levels had smaller pupil dilations in these conditions. Participants who were good at reading masked text had relatively large pupil dilation when intelligibility was low. We conclude that the pupil response is sensitive to processing load, and possibly reflects cognitive overload in difficult conditions. It seems affected by methodological aspects and individual abilities, but does not reflect subjective ratings.     

单纯经内镜乳头球囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石的价值

目的初步研究单纯经内镜乳头球囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石的安全性和有效性。方法根据入选标准和排除标准,共纳入南京鼓楼医院集团宿迁市人民医院2017年1月—2018年12月期间住院的胆总管结石患者60例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为单纯经内镜乳头球囊扩张取石组(EPBP组,n=30)及经内镜乳头括约肌小切开联合球囊扩张取石组(ESBD组,n=30)。比较经内镜取石时间、X线暴露时间、一次性取石率、碎石率及术后急性胰腺炎发生率、术中及术后出血率等指标。结果EPBD组和ESBD组取石时间[（8.5±2.4）min 比（7.8±2.1）min, P=0.14]、X线暴露时间[（21.8±5.2）min 比 （19.7±6.3） min, P=0.11]相比,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者均一次性取完结石,无需要碎石器病例。两组ERCP术后急性胰腺炎发生率均为（6.67%,2/30）。EPBD组和ESBD组术中出血率[3.33%（1/30）比 10.00%（3/30）,P=0.042]、术后出血率[0 比 3.33%（1/30）,P=0.035]相比,差异均有统计学意义。两组均未发生其他近期并发症。结论单纯经内镜乳头球囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石安全、有效。     

内镜下乳头球囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石的安全性和长期疗效

背景内镜下乳头球囊扩张术(endoscopic papillary balloon dilation,EPBD)是治疗胆总管结石(common bile duct stones,CBDSs)-种有效方法,但其安全性及长期疗效却缺乏评价.本研究拟分析EPBD治疗CBDSs的安全性和长期疗效.目的评估EPBD治疗CBDSs的安全性和长期疗效.方法分析我院2014-01/2015-12期间收治的CBDSs患者行EPBD的资料.主要观察指标为CBDSs清除率、内镜下逆行性胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)相关并发症和CBDSs复发率.结果42例CBDSs患者进行了EPBD,全部患者均完成了结石清除(100%).ERCP相关并发症发生4例(4/45,8.8%),均为术后胰腺炎,没有穿孔、出血及胆管炎的发生.在随后进行平均时间为51.8 mo(18-66 mo)随访中,10例(10/42,23.8%)患者CBDSs复发.单因素分析提示女性(比值比=22.891,95%可信区间:1.544-339.362,P=0.023)是结石复发的危险因素.结论EPBD治疗CBDSs是安全和有效的.长期随访发现,女性可能是结石复发的危险因素.     

Conservative approach in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: Single-balloon enteroscopy and small bowel polypectomy

AIM: To assess the usefulness of the balloon assisted enteroscopy in preventing surgical intervention in pa-tients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) having a small bowel large polyps. METHODS: Seven consecutive asymptomatic pts(age 15-38 years) with PJS have been collected; six under-went polypectomy using single balloon enteroscopy(Olympus SIF Q180) with antegrade approach using push and pull technique. SBE system consists of the SIF-Q180 enteroscope, an overtube balloon control unit(OBCU Olympus Balloon Control Unit) and a dispos-able silicone splinting tube with balloon(ST-SB1). All procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Previously all pts received wireless capsule endos-copy(WCE). Prophylactic polypectomy was reservedmainly in pts who had polyps 15 mm in diameter. The balloon is inflated and deflated by a balloon control unit with a safety pressure setting range from-6.0 kPa to +5.4 kPa. Informed consent has been obtained from pts or parents for each procedure.RESULTS: Six pts underwent polypectomy of small bowel polyps; in 5 pts a large polyp 15 mm(range 20-50 mm in diameter) was resected; in 1 patient with WCE negative, SBE was performed for previous surgi-cal resection of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. In 2 pts endoscopic clips were placed due to a polypectomy. No surgical complication have been reported. SBE with resection of small bowel large polyps in PJS pts was useful to avoid gastrointestinal bleeding and emergency laparotomy due to intestinal intussuscep-tions. No gastrointestinal tumors were found in sub-sequent enteroscopic surveillance in all seven pts. In order surveillance, all pts received WCE, upper en-doscopy, ileocolonoscopy every 2 years. No pts had extraintestinal malignant lesions. SBE was performed when WCE was positive for significant polyps( 15 mm).CONCLUSION: The effective of prophylactic polyp-ectomy of small bowel large polyps( 15 mm) could be the first line treatment for conservative approach in management of PJS patients.     

Two Evidence-Based Acupuncture Models

Modern clinical trials have produced controversial data interpretation which refutes conventional standard teachings and practices. Acupuncture scholars and practitioners have been stimulated to scrutinize these trials and analyze conventional practices. This paper presents two acupuncture models which address these issues. One rationalizes the clinical trial results with newer understanding of acupuncture points and techniques, while the other reconciles these results with rediscovered techniques of palpating points and performing needling. These two models indicate that acupuncture is in transition from classical model to evidence-based models.     

From short‐term blood pressure variability to atherosclerosis: Relative roles of vascular stiffness and endothelial dysfunction

Both arterial blood pressure (BP) average levels and short‐term BP variability (BPV) relate to hypertension‐mediated organ damage, in particular increased carotid artery intima‐media thickness (IMT) and carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). Endothelial dysfunction possibly mediates such damage. The authors aimed at further investigating such role in hypertensive patients. In 189 recently diagnosed, untreated hypertensive patients the authors evaluated, in a cross‐sectional design, the relationships of BP average levels and short‐term systolic (S) BPV (standard deviation of awake SBP or of 24‐hour‐weighted SBP) with IMT and PWV, and how much these relationships are explained by endothelial function parameters—brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and digital reactive hyperemia index (RHI). Multivariable models assessed the strength of these relationships to derive a plausible pathogenetic sequence. Both average SBP values and our measures of SBPV were significantly related to IMT (24‐hour mean SBP: r = .156, P = .034; 24‐hour‐weighted SBPV: r = .157, P = .033) and to PWV (24‐hour mean SBP: r = .179, P = .015; 24‐hour‐weighted SBPV: r = .175; P = .018), but only poorly related to FMD or RHI (P > .05 for all). At univariable regression analysis, FMD and RHI were both related to IMT, (P < .001), but not to PWV. When FMD and RHI were added to average SBP and SBPV parameters in a multivariable model, both significantly (P < .005) contributed to predict IMT, but not PWV. Thus, endothelial dysfunction relates to IMT independently of BP parameters, but appears to play a minor role in the association between BP variability‐related variables and arterial stiffening.     

Effect of Aging on Human Circulatory System in Normotensive Healthy Subjects

Aging is associated with degenerative changes in cardiac and endothelial function (EF). This study was done to assess whether age-related changes take place on EF, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), blood pressure (BP), and echocardiographic measurements. All volunteers were healthy normotensive healthy subjects. They were divided into three groups. Group 1, young adults: < 40 years old; Group 2, middle age: between 40 and 60 years old; Group 3, elderly: > 60 years old. High-frequency vascular ultrasound was used to assess the baseline brachial artery dimension and flow velocity after reactive hyperemia. The carotid IMT and echocardiographic measurements including Doppler variables were recorded in all subjects. Systolic BP, left ventricular mass, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume increased progressively with age (p < 0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction decreased progressively with age (male, p = 0.034; female, p = 0.001); E/A ratio of the left ventricular flow spectrum declined with age (p < 0.001). The ultrasonic EF variables of flow increased during reactive hyperemia and IMT increased with age (p < 0.001). Our study demonstrates that BP, body weight, and ultrasonic variables changed significantly with age. The aging-associated changes provide insight into progression to atherosclerosis.     

Their pain is not our pain: Brain and autonomic correlates of empathic resonance with the pain of same and different race individuals

Recent advances in social neuroscience research have unveiled the neurophysiological correlates of race and intergroup processing. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying intergroup empathy. Combining event‐related fMRI with measurements of pupil dilation as an index of autonomic reactivity, we explored how race and group membership affect empathy‐related responses. White and Black subjects were presented with video clips depicting white, black, and unfamiliar violet‐skinned hands being either painfully penetrated by a syringe or being touched by a Q‐tip. Both hemodynamic activity within areas known to be involved in the processing of first and third‐person emotional experiences of pain, i.e., bilateral anterior insula, and autonomic reactivity were greater for the pain experienced by own‐race compared to that of other‐race and violet models. Interestingly, greater implicit racial bias predicted increased activity within the left anterior insula during the observation of own‐race pain relative to other‐race pain. Our findings highlight the close link between group‐based segregation and empathic processing. Moreover, they demonstrate the relative influence of culturally acquired implicit attitudes and perceived similarity/familiarity with the target in shaping emotional responses to others' physical pain. Hum Brain Mapp 34:3168–3181, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Balloon Venoplasty for Liver Failure Due to Stenosis of the Left Hepatic Vein After Right Tri-Segmentectomy

A 41-year-old male patient with hepatitis B underwent right tri-segmentectomy and total caudate lobectomy for a huge hepatocellular carcinoma associated with complete occlusion of the inferior vena cava with thrombosis of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava due to tumor compression. Five months later, he was readmitted for ascites and hyperbilirubinemia. Venography revealed stenosis and tortuosity of the left hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava, for which balloon angioplasty of the left hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava was performed using an 8-mm and 10-mm balloon, respectively. The left hepatic venous pressure decreased from 65 mmHg to 25 mmHg after dilatation. The patient made a satisfactory recovery thereafter and remains well with normal liver functions and without ascites. Balloon angioplasty may be useful for liver failure due to hepatic vein stenosis after hepatic resection.