Scoring accuracy of automated sleep staging from a bipolar electroocular recording compared to manual scoring by multiple raters

Objectives

Electroencephalography (EEG) assessment in research and clinical studies is limited by the patient burden of multiple electrodes and the time needed to manually score records. The objective of our study was to investigate the accuracy of an automated sleep-staging algorithm which is based on a single bipolar EEG signal.

Methods

Three raters each manually scored the polysomnographic (PSG) records from 44 patients referred for sleep evaluation. Twenty-one PSG records were scored by Rechtschaffen and Kales (R&K) criteria (group 1) and 23 PSGs were scored by American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) 2007 criteria (group 2). Majority agreement was present in 98.4% of epochs and was used for comparison to automated scoring from a single EEG lead derived from the left and right electrooculogram.

Results

The κ coefficients for interrater manual scoring ranged from 0.46 to 0.89. The κ coefficient for the auto algorithm vs manual scoring by rater ranged from 0.42 to 0.63 and was 0.61 (group 1, κ = 0.61 and group 2, κ = 0.62) for majority agreement for all studies. The mean positive percent agreement across subjects and stages was 72.6%, approximately 80% for stages wake (78.3%), stage 2 sleep (N2) (80.9%), and stage 3 sleep (N3) (78.1%); the percentage slightly decreased to 73.2% for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and dropped to 31.9% for stage 1 sleep (N1). Differences in agreement were observed based on raters, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity, medications, and signal quality.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that automated scoring of sleep obtained from a single-channel of forehead EEG results in agreement to majority manual scoring are similar to results obtained from studies of manual interrater agreement. The benefit in assessing auto-staging accuracy with consensus agreement across multiple raters is most apparent in patients with OSA; additionally, assessing auto-staging accuracy limited disagreements in patients on medications and in those with compromised signal quality.     

An open multicentre pilot study examining the safety,efficacy and tolerability of fast titrated (800 mg/day by day 4) quetiapine in the treatment of schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder

Objective. Rapid dose escalation of quetiapine could offer prompt and effective therapy to patients requiring hospitalization for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a rapid dose escalation of quetiapine to 800 mg/day over 4 days in patients with severe psychotic symptoms diagnosed as schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Methods. In this open-label, multicenter, pilot study, 14 patients aged 18 years or older, requiring hospitalization for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, received quetiapine orally twice daily for 14 days. Quetiapine was administered according to the schedule: 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/day on the first four treatment days, followed by flexible dosing within the range 400–800 mg/day during the next 10 days. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a fast titration of quetiapine (200, 400, 600, 800 mg/day on the first four treatment days). Effectiveness of a fast titration of quetiapine was the secondary objective of this investigation. Efficacy assessments in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population included changes in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression Severity of Illness (CGI-S) scores from Day 1 (baseline) to Day 14. Results. In 4 days 14 patients were titrated up to a dose of 800 mg/day. Ten patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia, one subject was suffering from schizoaffective disorder of the depressive type and three patients were diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder of the bipolar type. Eleven patients (79%) completed the study. Two patients discontinued the trial because of non-compliance and one patient because of a prolonged QTcB interval. Overall, 29 AEs were reported during this trial, all were considered mild or moderate in severity. During the first 7 days of the trial, 25 AEs were reported in 11 patients. The majority of AEs were considered as possibly related to the study medication. No deaths or serious adverse events were reported. Physical examination at the last trial visit revealed no clinically relevant changes versus baseline and there were no consistent changes over time in vital signs. The BARS and SAS scores indicated an improvement of EPS during the study. After 4 days of fast titration, the mean total PANSS score decreased from 92.8 at baseline to a value of 87.4, there was a further decrease to 78.2 at endpoint. This corresponds to a statistically significant decrease by 14.6 versus baseline (P<0.01). After 4 days of fast titration, the mean CGI-S score was improved from 4.7 at baseline to a value of 4.3 and improved further to 3.8 at endpoint, corresponding to a statistically significant decrease of 0.9 points versus baseline (P<0.01). Conclusion. In this study, fast titration of quetiapine to 800 mg/day over 4 days was generally well tolerated and effective in reducing psychotic symptoms in patients requiring hospitalization for schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder.     

Age-related differences in attentional cost associated with postural dual tasks: Increased recruitment of generic cognitive resources in older adults

Dual-task designs have been used widely to study the degree of automatic and controlled processing involved in postural stability of young and older adults. However, several unexplained discrepancies in the results weaken this literature. To resolve this problem, a careful selection of dual-task studies that met certain methodological criteria are considered with respect to reported interactions of age (young vs. older adults) × task (single vs. dual task) in stable and unstable postural conditions. Our review shows that older adults are able to perform a postural dual task as well as younger adults in stable conditions. However, when the complexity of the postural task is increased by dynamic conditions (surface and surround), performance in postural, concurrent, or both tasks is more affected in older relative to young adults. In light of neuroimaging studies and new conceptual frameworks, these results demonstrate an age-related increase of controlled processing of standing associated with greater intermittent adjustments.     

Automatic analysis of single-channel sleep EEG: validation in healthy individuals

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of automatic sleep scoring software (ASEEGA) based on a single EEG channel comparatively with manual scoring (2 experts) of conventional full polysomnograms. DESIGN: Polysomnograms from 15 healthy individuals were scored by 2 independent experts using conventional R&K rules. The results were compared to those of ASEEGA scoring on an epoch-by-epoch basis. SETTING: Sleep laboratory in the physiology department of a teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen healthy volunteers. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The epoch-by-epoch comparison was based on classifying into 2 states (wake/sleep), 3 states (wake/REM/ NREM), 4 states (wake/REM/stages 1-2/SWS), or 5 states (wake/REM/ stage 1/stage 2/SWS). The obtained overall agreements, as quantified by the kappa coefficient, were 0.82, 0.81, 0.75, and 0.72, respectively. Furthermore, obtained agreements between ASEEGA and the expert consensual scoring were 96.0%, 92.1%, 84.9%, and 82.9%, respectively. Finally, when classifying into 5 states, the sensitivity and positive predictive value of ASEEGA regarding wakefulness were 82.5% and 89.7%, respectively. Similarly, sensitivity and positive predictive value regarding REM state were 83.0% and 89.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results establish the face validity and convergent validity of ASEEGA for single-channel sleep analysis in healthy individuals. ASEEGA appears as a good candidate for diagnostic aid and automatic ambulant scoring.     

基于自动监测系统的罗沙替丁与奥美拉唑临床用药安全性评价研究

摘 要 目的：开展罗沙替丁与奥美拉唑的不良反应自动监测并进行安全性比较。方法：采用回顾性队列研究方法,借助“医疗机构ADE主动监测与智能评估警示系统”,信息化主动监测并比较罗沙替丁与奥美拉唑的9种药品不良反应发生情况。结果：两组各300例基线匹配的用药患者中,罗沙替丁组、奥美拉唑组药品不良反应发生例数分别为5例（发生率1.7%）和10例（发生率3.3%）,两组差异无统计学意义。其中血红蛋白减少两组各发生1例（0.3%）;肝损害分别发生4例（1.3%）、7例（2.3%）;奥美拉唑组发生胰酶异常1例（0.3%）,皮肤损害反应1例（0.3%）,而罗沙替丁组未发生。两组均未出现血小板减少、白细胞减少、肾损害、过敏性休克、心电异常等不良反应。结论：奥美拉唑组与罗沙替丁组药品不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。利用自动监测专用软件系统有助于便捷高效地开展药物安全性评价与比较。     

电位滴定法测定注射用益气复脉(冻干)中总有机酸

目的 建立用于测定注射用益气复脉（冻干）（YQFM）中总有机酸含量的电位滴定方法。方法 注射用益气复脉（冻干）用水溶解后,经001*1阳离子交换树脂将盐还原为酸,以琥珀酸为对照品,用电位滴定法测定益气复脉中总有机酸的含量。结果 以琥珀酸计,YQFM中总有机酸滴定精密度RSD 0.42%,稳定性RSD 0.84%,重复性RSD 1.88%,平均加样回收率（n=9）为100.15%,RSD 1.68%。结论 本实验所建立的电位滴定方法简便易行,可操作性强,适用于YQFM中总有机酸的含量测定。     

Feasibility of accelerometer technology with individuals with autism spectrum disorder referred for aggression,disruption, and self injury

BackgroundMost research on aggression, self-injury, and disruption in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has relied on caregiver report or direct observation, both of which have limitations. Past studies demonstrate preliminary evidence for direct detection of these behaviors using accelerometers, but additional research is needed to determine the feasibility during actual clinical assessments and times when a therapist cannot be present for direct observation, as measurement during these periods has the most applied significance.AimsThis study addressed these gaps by evaluating the feasibility of accelerometer use with children with ASD and severe aggression, self-injury, and disruption in clinical and home contexts.Methods and ProceduresWe evaluated the feasibility of individuals with ASD wearing accelerometers during behavioral assessments following structured habituation procedures. We also evaluated the feasibility of caregivers applying sensors to individuals with ASD in the home setting.Outcomes and ResultsMost participants passed habituation and tolerated sensors during behavioral assessments (e.g., functional analyses). Caregivers applied sensors in the home with variable fidelity with wear time duration and data-collection.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe feasibility of using accelerometers with this population is promising and should be explored further in future research.     

Comparison between Weightbearing-CT semiautomatic and manual measurements in Hallux Valgus

BackgroundRadiographic measurements are an essential tool to determine the appropriate surgical treatment and outcome for Hallux Valgus (HV). HV deformity is best evaluated by weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT).The objective was (1) to assess the reliability of WBCT computer-assisted semi-automatic imaging measurements in HV, (2) to compare semi-automatic with manual measurements in the setting of an HV, and (3) to compare semi-automatic measurements between HV and control group.MethodsIn this retrospective IRB (ID# 201904825) approved study, we assessed patients with hallux valgus deformity. The sample size calculation was based on the hallux valgus angle (HVA). Thus to obtain the 0.8 power, including 26 feet with HV in this study, was necessary. Our control group consisted of 19 feet from 19 patients without HV. Raw multiplanar data was evaluated using software CubeVue®. In the axial plane, hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), and interphalangeal angle (IPA) were measured. The semiautomatic 3D measurements were performed using the Bonelogic®Software. Inter-rater reliabilities were performed using ICC. Agreement between methods was tested using the Bland-Altman plots. The difference between Patologic and Control cases using semi-automatic measurements was assessed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Alpha risk was set to 5% (α = 0.05). P ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.ResultsReliabilities utilizing ICC were over 0.80 for WBCT manual measurements and WBCT semi-automatic readings. Inter and intraobserver agreement for Manual and Semi-automatic WBCT measurements demonstrated excellent reliability.ConclusionsSemi-automatic measurements are reproducible and comparable to measurements performed manually. The software differentiated pathological from non-pathological conditions when subjected to semi-automatic measurements. The development of advanced semi-automatic segmentation software with minimal user intervention is essential for the establishment of big data and can be integrated into clinical practice, facilitating decision-making.     

国产全自动生化检测系统的应用评价

目的参照我国全自动生化分析仪行业标准（讨论稿）和美国临床实验室标准化委员会（NCCLS）检测系统性能评价方案，对我国自主研发的全自动生化检测系统进行分析性能的评价，探讨国产检测系统的临床应用价值。方法对上海丰汇公司FH400型全自动生化分析仪、配套试剂和校准品组成的检测系统（简称丰汇检测系统），根据项目的反应原理特征选择丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT，零级动力学法）、尿素（Urea，一级动力学法）、总蛋白（TP，二点终点法）和胆固醇（Chol，终点法）进行精密度、线性范围、抗干扰能力实验评价，并与日立全自动生化分析仪与罗氏诊断产品有限公司试剂检测系统作患者样本比对实验。结果丰汇检测系统ALT、Urea、TP和Chol的批内精密度变异系数（CV）中值分别为1．18％、1．35％、0．62％和0．39％，高值分别为0．84％、0．97％、0．34％和0．41％。患者样本比对实验4个项目的相关方程和相关系数（r）分别为ALT：Y：1．068X-0．797，r=0．999；Urea：Y=1．006X＋0．181，r=0．999；TP：Y=0．989X＋0．629，r=0．997；Chol：Y=1．001X-0．128，r=0．998，其在医学决定水平处的偏倚均低于美国临床实验室改进修正法案（CLIA’88）允许误差范围。线性范围和抗干扰能力[维生素C（VitC）、总胆红素（TBil）、血红蛋白（Hb）和乳糜液]基本符合厂家的声明。结论被评价的丰汇检测系统各项分析性能满足临床使用要求，检测成本较低，有较高的临床应用价值。     

全自动片剂摆药机工作流程的建立及应用

目的为进一步在医院药房推广应用全自动片剂摆药机提供参考。方法介绍全自动片剂摆药机的工作原理、结构特点、摆药流程以及应用价值。结果全自动片剂摆药机可以提高摆药速度及准确率,确保用药安全,改善药品的卫生状况、完善药品管理。结论全自动片剂摆药机具有很高的应用价值,符合药房自动化的趋势,值得推广。