足月儿与早产儿细菌性脑膜炎的临床分析

目的 探讨足月儿和早产儿细菌性脑膜炎的临床特征及转归特点。方法 回顾性分析102例新生儿细菌性脑膜炎患儿的临床资料,根据胎龄分为早产儿组（n=46）及足月儿组（n=56）,比较两组患儿临床表现、实验室结果、影像学结果及临床转归。结果 早产儿组临床表现主要为反应差和呼吸暂停/急促（P < 0.05）,足月儿组则以发热及抽搐多见（P < 0.05）。足月儿组脑脊液糖高于早产儿组（P < 0.05）,早产儿组C-反应蛋白、血培养阳性率及不良预后发生率高于足月儿组（P < 0.05）。两组外周血白细胞计数、脑脊液白细胞、脑脊液蛋白及脑脊液培养阳性率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 早产儿及足月儿细菌性脑膜炎临床表现有所不同,早产儿组不良预后发生率更高。     

Outcomes of adjunctive therapy with intrathecal or intraventricular administration of colistin for post-neurosurgical meningitis and ventriculitis due to carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii

The efficacy and safety of intrathecal (ITH) or intraventricular (IVT) colistin in addition to intravenous (IV) colistin for meningitis and ventriculitis due to carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is unclear. In this retrospective observational study of 40 patients with post-neurosurgical meningitis and ventriculitis due to CRAB, 33 patients without concomitant infection received appropriate dosage regimens of IV colistin. Of the 33 patients, 17 received additional ITH/IVT colistin and 16 received only IV colistin. The 14-day, 30-day and in-hospital mortality rates were nominally lower for patients who received ITH/IVT colistin adjunctive therapy versus patients who received only IV colistin (24% vs. 38%, 29% vs. 56% and 29% vs. 56%, respectively). The costs of treatment were significantly lower, the lengths of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay were significantly shorter, and the number of ventilator days was significantly less among patients who received ITH/IVT colistin compared with patients who did not receive ITH/IVT colistin. The initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were associated with 30-day mortality with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.21 (1.08–1.46) and 0.77 (0.44–0.85), respectively. Chemical meningitis from ITH/IVT colistin was mild and resolved spontaneously. Treatment of post-neurosurgical CRAB meningitis and ventriculitis with ITH/IVT colistin as an adjunct to IV colistin was associated with shorter lengths of hospital and ICU stay and a trend to lower mortality, especially among severely ill patients.     

Transmission of Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus Infection from Horses to Humans

Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is a zoonotic pathogen for persons in contact with horses. In horses, S. zooepidemicus is an opportunistic pathogen, but human infections associated with S. zooepidemicus are often severe. Within 6 months in 2011, 3 unrelated cases of severe, disseminated S. zooepidemicus infection occurred in men working with horses in eastern Finland. To clarify the pathogen’s epidemiology, we describe the clinical features of the infection in 3 patients and compare the S. zooepidemicus isolates from the human cases with S. zooepidemicus isolates from horses. The isolates were analyzed by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and sequencing of the szP gene. Molecular typing methods showed that human and equine isolates were identical or closely related. These results emphasize that S. zooepidemicus transmitted from horses can lead to severe infections in humans. As leisure and professional equine sports continue to grow, this infection should be recognized as an emerging zoonosis.     

Successful kidney transplantation after coccidioidal meningitis

S.L. Kokseng, J.E. Blair. Successful kidney transplantation after coccidioidal meningitis
Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 285–289. All rights reserved Abstract: Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection primarily found in residents or visitors to geographic areas where Coccidioides species are endemic, including the southwestern United States, northwestern Mexico, and certain areas of Central and South America. The infection rarely disseminates, but certain populations are at higher risk of dissemination. One population at high risk of disseminated disease is solid organ transplant recipients. At our transplant center in Arizona, patients with proven coccidioidal infection before transplantation undergo thorough counseling about the risks of dissemination and possible death from coccidioidomycosis subsequent to the use of immunosuppressive medications after transplantation. Currently, patients with coccidioidal infection before transplantation are maintained on lifelong infection suppression with triazole therapy. We present the first successful case of a kidney transplant in a patient after treatment for coccidioidal meningitis without post‐transplant reactivation of the coccidioidal infection.     

Antimicrobial treatment of invasive non-perinatal human listeriosis and the impact of the underlying disease on prognosis

Listeriosis is a resurgent foodborne disease in European countries. Benefits of combined β-lactam-aminoglycoside treatment remain controversial and the impact of the underlying disease on prognosis has not been fully assessed. We conducted a retrospective review of cases of sporadic listeriosis in adults from 1995 to 2008 at two university-affiliated hospitals serving a population of 600 000 people in Madrid, Spain. The primary end-point was the associated in-hospital mortality. Sixty-four patients were studied. Estimated incidence of listeriosis was 0.76/100.000 persons/year. Seventy-four per cent had chronic underlying diseases; cirrhosis of the liver and haematologi-cal and solid neoplasias were the most common comorbidities. Primary bacteraemia (58%) and meningitis (42%) were the most frequent manifestations. Focal infections were seen in ten cases. In-hospital mortality was 31%. Patients treated with ampicillin or with an ampicillin-gentamicin combination did not differ in age, severity of underlying disease or type of presentation. Differences in mortality were not seen between patients treated with monotherapy and those given combined treatment (28% vs 35%; p 0.634). Ten patients were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethozaxole alone and only one died. All patients without comorbidities survived infection but mortality of patients with cirrhosis of the liver was 21% and that of patients with haematological or solid neoplasias was 66%. Only haematological neoplasia (OR 6.67; 95% CI 1.71-26.04; p 0.006) was significantly associated with an increased risk of mortality (R²_Cox-Snell= 0.262). Mortality of listeriosis mainly depended on the severity of the underlying disease. Combined ampicillin-gentamicin therapy did not improved survival. Trimethoprim-sulfamethozaxole may be an effective alternative therapy for listerial infections.     

Predominance of enterovirus B and echovirus 30 as cause of viral meningitis in a UK population

Background/ObjectivesEnteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic or lymphocytic meningitis, particularly in children. With reports of unusually severe neurological disease in some patients infected with enterovirus D68 in North America, and a recent increase in the number of paediatric enterovirus meningitis cases presenting in this UK Midlands population, a retrospective regional surveillance study was performed.Study designCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples received were tested using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HSV-1/2, VZV, enteroviruses and parechoviruses. Enterovirus PCR positive CSF samples were sent for further serotyping. A phylogenetic tree was constructed of the echovirus 30 VP1 sequences, where sufficient sample remained for sequencing.ResultsThe number of enterovirus positive CSFs from each year were: 21 (2008), 7 (2011), 53 (2012), 58 (2013) and 31 (2014). Overall, 163 of the 170 serotyped enteroviruses belonged to the species B (echovirus 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 25, 30; coxsackie B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, A9), with only 7 belonging to species A (coxsackie A2, A6, A16 and enterovirus 71). Echovirus 30 was the predominant serotype overall, identified in 43 (25.3%) of samples, with a significantly higher proportion in the adult age group (37.3%) compared to the infant age group (12.3%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that these UK Midlands echovirus 30 VP1 sequences clustered most closely with those from Europe and China.ConclusionThis study showed a continued predominance of echovirus 30 as a cause of viral meningitis, particularly in adults, though more surveillance is needed.     

Human Parechovirus Infection,Denmark

Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) often cause severe illness among young children. National surveillance with routine testing of all cerebrospinal fluid, fecal, and tissue samples was conducted during January 2009–December 2012 in all counties in Denmark (6,817 samples from 4,804 children were screened for HPeV). We detected HPeV RNA in 202 (3.0%) specimens from 149 persons. Young infants were at highest risk for HPeV, and 9 (6%) of the HPeV-infected children died, probably of their HPeV illness. HPeV3 was the most common genotype identified, and 5 closely related clades of HPeV3 circulated in Denmark throughout the study period. Our study adds perspective on the prevalence and clinical and molecular virologic characteristics of HPeV infection.     

Impact of polymerase chain reaction results on patient management during a viral meningitis outbreak in Tropical North Queensland

Objectives: Enterovirus is the most commonly isolated pathogen in viral meningitis. We report on the first outbreak of viral meningitis in Tropical Queensland and the effect of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results on antibiotic use and hospital length of stay. Methods: Retrospective case series of consecutive patients presenting to the Townsville ED with viral meningitis were evaluated by examining hospital medical records. The study period was November 2008 to February 2009. Results: Forty‐three patients were available for full analysis of which 17 (40%) were female and 17 (40%) had a positive enteroviral PCR. Antibiotics were commenced on 37 (86%) of patients. There was no difference in hospital length of stay in patients with a negative versus positive PCR (2.52 vs 2.72 days, P = 0.68) or duration of antibiotic therapy (2.20 vs 1.94 days, P = 0.61). Conclusion: In our study a positive result on PCR was not associated with a shorter hospital length of stay or a shorter duration of antibiotic therapy. This contrasts with previous reports on this topic and requires further evaluation.     

Adult K lebsiella pneumoniae meningitis in Qatar: clinical pattern of ten cases

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical presentation, underlying diseases, antimicrobial susceptibility, treatment and outcome of Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis patients.MethodsThis retrospective study involved all patients with 15 years of age or older who admitted to Hamad General Hospital with culture proven Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2012.ResultsA total of ten cases were identified (nine males and one female). Their mean age was (43.3±12.8) years. Eight patients (80%) had nosocomial meningitis with neurosurgery being the most frequent associated condition. Fever and altered consciousness were the most frequent symptom. Cerebrospinal fluid showed elevated protein and glucose levels. Gram stain showed Gram-negative rods in 50% of cases, while positive cerebrospinal fluid culture results were found in all patients. Multidrug resistance was observed in two cases, and all patients had received appropriate empirical and definitive antibiotic treatments. The mean duration of intravenous antimicrobial treatment was (19.3±7.0) d and all patients with external ventricular drains underwent removal of the device, while in-hospital mortality was 50%.ConclusionsThe number of cases was too small to come up with therapeutic and prognostic conclusions. Further large-scale prospective study is needed.