Surgical treatment of recurrent tracheo-esophageal fistula using a latissimus dorsi pedicled muscle flap —Report of a case—

We report herein, a case of a child in whom a prepared latissimus dorsi muscle flap was successfully utilized in the treatment of recurrent tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF). A 12-month-old girl who had undergone a primary repair of Gross’s type C esophageal atresia at 6 days of age and a secondary repair of recurrent TEF at 4 months of age experienced, postoperatively, repeated episodes of aspiration pneumonia caused by recurrence of the fistula. Thus, we performed a reoperation in which the fistula was excised, and a latissimus dorsi muscle pedicled flap was interposed between the tracheal and esophageal suture lines. Viability of the muscle flap was adequately achieved by means of a three-stage delayed operation. Although a minor anastomotic leakage of the esophagus was found postoperatively, it healed spontaneously, and the patient was commenced on a normal diet orally without any problems at 26 months of age.     

Current status—Perianal and anal canal neoplasms

A large variety of neoplasms are found in the anal canal and perianal region. Most are distinctly uncommon and may, therefore, pose the question of suitable therapy. For some neoplasms, the treatment of choice is clear cut, while for others it is controversial. Certainly for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal, there has been a major rethinking of the treatment of choice. This review highlights the types of lesions found in the anal region and the current status regarding their appropriate treatment.Read at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

Prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related tumors in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Introduction: In comparison to their HIV-negative counterparts, people living with HIV (PLWH) have a higher prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in various anatomical sites coupled with increased HPV persistence, higher risk of HPV-related tumors, and faster disease progression.

Areas covered: Gender-neutral prevention strategies for HPV-related cancers in PLWH discussed: ABC approach, HPV vaccination, antiretroviral treatment (ART), anal cancer screening, and smoking cessation. Gender specific strategies: cervical cancer screening reduces the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer and circumcision might reduce the risk of HPV infections in men.

Expert commentary: HPV-related cancer incidence has not declined (e.g. cervical cancer) and has even increased (e.g. anal cancer) in the ART era, demanding an effective HPV prevention strategy. HPV vaccination should be introduced into national prevention programs worldwide immediately because current prophylactic vaccines are safe, tolerable, and immunogenic in PLWH. HPV vaccine efficacy trials in PLWH are essential to determine the most appropriate immunization schedule. The population most at risk of anal cancer is HIV-positive men who have sex with men, who are not protected by herd immunity if only the female population is vaccinated. Unvaccinated PLWH need enhanced surveillance for early detection of HPV-related cancers and their precursors.     

肺动静脉瘘的影像学诊断

目的:探讨肺动静脉瘘不同影像学方法的诊断价值。材料与方法:9例肺动静脉瘘分别作了心血管造影、核磁共振及CT检查及心脏超声。结果:9例中6例为局限性的肺动静脉瘘,3例为弥漫性的肺动静脉瘘,3例中2例有肝脏疾病史。结论:肺动静脉瘘心血管造影为主要的诊断手段,但对毛细血管床前型的弥漫性肺动静脉瘘诊断有局限性,MRI、CT对局限性的肺动静脉瘘的诊断有帮助,心脏超声有助于毛细血管床前型的弥漫性肺动静脉瘘诊断。     

A complicated case of aortoduodenal fistula

Aortoduodenal fistula may occur primarily as a complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm or secondarily after reconstructive surgery of the abdominal aorta. The clinical presentation may be occult, with the classic triad of mass, pain, and bleeding inapparent or overshadowed by signs of infection. A high index of clinical suspicion combined with radiographic and endoscopic examinations will establish the diagnosis.     

Comparison of four assays for human papillomavirus detection in the anal canal

ObjectiveAnal cancer is preceded by high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) infection, predominantly HPV16. No HPV assay is licenced for use in anal screening. We aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of four anal canal swab HPV assays to predict high-grade squamous epithelial lesions (HSIL).MethodsIn a cohort of Australian HIV-positive and negative gay and bisexual men, we compared the sensitivity and specificity of detection of 13 anal HRHPV genotypes by Linear Array (LA), Cobas 4800, EuroArray, and Anyplex II HPV28 (+ and ++ cut offs), compared their ability to predict prevalent anal HSIL, and compared anal canal HRHPV detection with HRHPV isolated from HSIL using laser capture microdissection (LCM).ResultsA total of 475 participants had baseline results available for all four assays (166, 35.0% HIV positive), and 169 participants had a diagnosis of cytological and/or histological HSIL. The HPV16 and any HRHPV detection were highest with Anyplex II HPV28 (+) (156, 32.8% 95% CI 28.6–37.2 and 359, 75.6%, 95% CI 71.5–79.4, respectively). For detection of concurrent HSIL and HPV16, the assay sensitivity was similar, ranging from 49.1%, 95% CI 41.4–56.9 (Anyplex II HPV28 ++) to 55.0%, 95% CI 47.2–62.7 (Anyplex II HPV28 +). For concurrent HSIL and any HRHPV detection, EuroArray was more specific than Anyplex II HPV28 (+) (45.9% 95% CI 40.2–51.7 vs 36.7%, 95% CI 31.3–42.4, p = 0.021) and had comparable specificity with Anyplex II HPV28 (++) (45.9% vs 47.2%, 95% CI 41.5–53.0, p = 0.75). All assays had high sensitivities for predicting HPV16 detected on LCM (92.5–97.5%). Anyplex II HPV28 and EuroArray were significantly more sensitive than LA for lesions caused by non-HPV16 HRHPV types on LCM.DiscussionAnyplex II HPV28 and EuroArray detected more non-16 HRHPV genotypes than LA. Increasing the Anyplex II HPV28 cutoff improved specificity without compromising sensitivity for detection of concurrent HSIL.     

鳃裂囊肿和鳃裂瘘的超声诊断与手术病理对照分析

目的 :分析鳃裂囊肿和瘘的声像特征及超声对该病变的诊断价值。方法 :对经手术病理证实的 6 8例鳃裂囊肿和瘘的声像图特征进行回顾性总结 ,与手术病理进行对照分析。结果 :第二鳃裂囊肿和瘘最多见占 85 .3%。其次是第一腮裂囊肿和瘘占 11.8%。第三、四鳃裂囊肿仅 2例 ,占 2 .9%。超声表现肿物大部分外形尚规则 ,边界清或尚清且包膜回声较强 ,内部回声的多样性与其病史和内壁衬里上皮有关。 75 % (5 1/ 6 8)的肿物位于胸锁乳突肌前缘或深面、颈动脉和颈内静脉的浅面。超声诊断该病的正确率为 88.2 %。结论 :高频超声对鳃裂囊肿和鳃裂瘘的诊断较为准确、可靠     

Management of gastric fistula complicating laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with biological glue in a combined percutaneous and endoscopic approach

Background

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is considered as a first line treatment for morbid obesity around the globe. Leakage and subsequent gastric fistula is the most dreadful complication, which may lead to serious morbidity and even mortality.

New Regenerative Vascular Grafts for Hemodialysis Access: Evaluation of a Preclinical Animal Model

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a suitable animal model for the in vivo evaluation of patency and vascular tissue regeneration in small intestinal submucosa (SIS) vascular grafts for hemodialysis access. First, a 4-mm U-shaped SIS vascular graft was implanted between the internal carotid artery (CA) and the external jugular vein (JV) in five sheep and six swine. The U-shape grafts remained functional for 53 ± 4 days in sheep and 32 ± 2 days in swine. The sheep model presented exaggerated inflammation, so the swine model was selected for the in vivo study. Based on these initial results, a 4-mm C-shape SIS vascular graft with SIS circumferential reinforcement was developed to mechanically improve the vascular graft and manage complications identified during surgery in both sheep and swine. The C-shape vascular graft was implanted in a swine model (n = 3) between the CA and JV. GORE-TEX® vascular grafts were used as controls in the contralateral side of the neck. C-shape grafts remained patent for 47 ± 4 days, whereas the GORE-TEX® grafts were patent for 30 ± 15 days. The C-shape vascular graft was easier to handle during surgery, and its circumferential reinforcement improved in vivo patency, avoiding kinks in the graft after implantation. Histological results showed neovascularization and some regeneration with the alignment of endothelial cells in the vascular wall of the grafts. The model developed may be helpful in other research involving in vivo studies of vascular grafts for hemodialysis access.     

彩色多普勒超声对慢性血透自体动静脉瘘的血流动力学评价

目的利用彩色多普勒超声术前评估桡动脉、头静脉,选择最佳造瘘部位;术后监测桡动脉-头静脉瘘(RCF)是否成功和成熟状况,对瘘失败进行监测和预测。方法手腕部桡动脉-头静脉端-侧吻合手术的尿毒症患者68例,随机分成超声检查组33例(检查组)和物理检查组35例(对照组)。检查组观察手术前、术后1周及术后6个月桡动脉和头静脉的频谱特点、血管内径及血流动力学参数。结果检查组手术成功率(90.3%)高于对照组(80%)。RCF手术后1周的桡动脉内径、头静脉内径、收缩期峰值、舒张期峰值、平均速度、血流量均明显高于术前,阻力指数(RI)和搏动指数(PI)均明显低于术前。术后6个月比术后1周的头静脉内径和血流量明显增加。RCF手术成功后血流及频谱特点为高速、低阻力频谱。RCF失败者呈低速、高阻力特点。结论①术前超声多普勒对头静脉、桡动脉的检查可以提高手术成功率;②术后超声检查可以提示动静脉瘘成功与否并及时发现狭窄或栓塞。③超声检查可以监测瘘管通畅情况,血管直径、血流速度、血流量、PI、RI等可以作为预测瘘管失败的重要参考。