北京、广州、上海城市居民营养知识、态度、行为的调查

对北京、广州和上海三大城市随机抽取的９６５名年龄在２０～５０岁的城市居民进行有关营养知识、态度和行为（Ｋ－Ａ－Ｐ）的调查。结果显示，三地区调查对象的营养知识水平不高。营养知识的得分与其自身受教育程度有相关性（ｒ＝０．３０１１，Ｐ＜０．０１）。年龄在３５岁以上的对象，营养知识的得分高于年轻人；三地区调查对象对营养知识的获取，合理的膳食模式，卫生的饮食习惯均持有积极、肯定的态度。食物消费频度调查结果表明，米／面、肉／禽、蔬菜、水果、奶及奶制品的消费量较高。此外，８９．５％，７８．８％和４７．８％的调查对象分别选择报纸、电视、广播作为其主要营养信息来源。本次调查为将来的营养宣教的内容和方法提供依据。     

青年医师如何看待医疗纠纷

作者针对青年医师面对医疗纠纷的困惑,从各角度分析了医疗纠纷的成因,指出应以正向心态对待医疗纠纷。     

Effects of haloperidol on motor and cognitive functioning in aged mice

The effects of haloperidol on motor and functioning and cognitive functioning were studied in young (3-5 months old) and aged (20-22 months old) male mice by examining haloperidol-induced catalepsy and haloperidol-induced decrements in performance on a radial arm maze. The aged mice were much more sensitive to these adverse effects of haloperidol than were the young mice. Studies of the distribution of radioactivity from [3H]haloperidol to the brain indicated that the differences in sensitivity to this drug were not due to pharmacokinetic differences. The results demonstrate that mice are suitable for studies of aging-induced changes in the behavioral effects of neuroleptic agents.     

脉冲多普勒超声心动图评定正常人的左室舒张功能

本文用脉冲多普勒超声心动图(PDE)对103例不同年龄的正常人进行左室舒张功能的评定,表明年龄是影响正常人左室舒张功能的主要因素,并推荐一个40岁以上人群舒张功能正常与否的参考标准。     

嘉兴外来人员生活环境与肠道传染病相关知信行现况调查分析

目的了解城郊结合部外来人员聚集地生活环境现况和霍乱等肠道传染病健康知信行情况,进一步明确肠道传染病防治健康教育与健康促进工作的重点开展方向。方法采用随机抽样的方法,运用统一设计的调查问卷对嘉兴市5县2区城郊结合部等外来人员聚集地进行流行病学调查。结果93.06%的调查对象以租房为主,90.61%的生活用水来源于自来水,9.25%用井水;78.61%的人知道霍乱传播途径,21.53%的人知道霍乱主要临床症状,28.03%的人知道肠道传染病全部预防措施;77.31%的知识来源于电视,其他顺位依次为书刊、广播、家人或朋友处;希望获得宣传资料形式:传单占46.68%,墙报占31.21%。结论外来人员租房人数居多,有部分人使用井水;肠道传染病相关知识了解的较少。应采取多部门齐抓共管来改善外来人员聚集地的生活环境,因地制宜地对外来人员开展有针对性的预防肠道传染病健康教育。     

Age-related changes in the turnover rates of D1-dopamine receptors in the retina and in distinct areas of the rat brain

The steady-state density and the turnover rates of D₁-dopamine receptors were investigated in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra, and retina of adult (3-month-old) and aged (23-month-old) rats. The turnover rates were measured by monitoring the repopulation kinetics of D₁-dopamine receptors labeled with [³H]-SCH 23390 after the irreversible inactivation induced by a single dose of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ, 10 mg/kg, s.c.). In all the neural tissues examined, the repopulation of D₁ dopamine receptors could be adequately described by a theoretical model that assumes a constant rate of receptor production (i.e. zero order) and a rate of degradation that is dependent on the receptor density at any time (i.e. first order). The results obtained indicate that the reduction in the density of D₁-dopamine receptors in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra of aged rats is the result of a larger decrease in the receptor production rate (−44 to −60%) than in the receptor degradation rate (−21 to −46%). By contrast, the production rate of D₁-dopamine receptors in the retina of aged rats remains unchanged, whilst the degradation rate is reduced by 25%. This results in an age-related increase in the density of D₁-dopamine receptors in the rat retina.     

Effects of naftidrofuryl oxalate, a 5HT2 antagonist, on neurotransmission and transduction systems in the gerbil hippocampus

We investigated the effects of age and naftidrofuryl oxalate (Naftidrofuryl), a 5-HT₂ antagonist, on neurotransmission and transduction systems in the gerbil hippocampus using quantitative autoradiography. [³H]Quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), [³H]cyclohexyl-adenosine (CHA), [³H]MK-801, and [³H]muscimol were used to label muscarinic acetylcholine, adenosine A1, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), and γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA_A) receptors, respectively. [³H]PN200-110 labeled L-type Ca²⁺ channels. [³H]Forskolin, [³H]cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), [³H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), and [³H]inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP₃) were used to label adenylate cyclase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C (PKC), and IP₃ receptors, respectively. Approximately 20% reductions in [³H]QNB, [³H]forskolin, and [³H]PDBu binding were observed in the hippocampus of 9-month-old gerbils in comparison with 5-week-old gerbils. Treatment with Naftidrofuryl (10 mg/kg, i.p., once a day for 7 days) ameliorated these reductions. No changes were found in [³H]CHA, [³H]MK-801, [³H]muscimol, [³H]PN200-110, [³H]cAMP, and [³H]IP₃ binding. The results suggest that Naftidrofuryl may have beneficial effects on the age-related alterations in signal transmission and transduction systems in the brain. Because the acetylcholine system, adenylate cyclase, and PKC are considered to be involved in learning and memory processes, the result may have clinical implications.     

Who will conceive with IVF?

When considering the chances of establishing a healthy ongoing pregnancy after in vitro fertilization (IVF), the cause of infertility plays a relatively minor role. In recent years, there has been a shift from determining the diagnosis to the individual prognosis for a given patient. A number of prognostic factors were identified, which enabled clinicians to appropriately counsel patients. Patient-determined factors are of crucial importance and some are amenable to intervention such as lifestyle and nutritional advice. However, the attention of clinicians remains on seeking adjuvant therapeutic interventions designed to improve the outcomes of IVF treatment. In this article, the patient-determined factors underlying the individual chance of conceiving and the more commonly prescribed empirical medical therapies prescribed to enhance outcomes are reviewed. It is concluded that greater attention to optimizing the health of the couple before starting IVF treatment may be more beneficial than adjuvant medical therapies during treatment.     

Is the apparent U-shape of well-being over the life course a result of inappropriate use of control variables? A commentary on Blanchflower and Oswald (66: 8, 2008, 1733–1749)

In their article in this journal “Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle?” Blanchflower and Oswald (Blanchflower, D.G., & Oswald, A.J. (2008). Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle? Social Science & Medicine, 66, 1733–1749) report the results of an ambitious cross-national study of age and well-being and conclude that in most societies studied the well-being of adults tends to be high in young adulthood and old age and lowest around age 40. I argue that the appearance of this U-shaped curve of well-being is the result of the use of inappropriate and questionable control variables. The most clearly inappropriate control variable is marital status, the control of which to a large extent accounts for the U-shaped curve. Most researchers who have studied the relationship between being married and being happy believe that happiness affects marital status (happier people are more likely to marry and stay married), and of course a variable that is affected by the dependent variable should not be included as a control variable in a simple recursive model. Such control variables as income and education are suspect because the relationship between them and well-being is likely to be partially spurious, and such variables as race and whether or not persons lived with both parents at age 16 should not be controlled, because they cannot affect or be affected by age. Finally, year of survey should not be controlled because of the age-period-cohort conundrum, which makes including age, period, and cohort all as predictor variables in a regression inappropriate (and impossible if the three variables are measured precisely and comparably). The only clearly appropriate control variable is birth cohort, and when only it is controlled, the regression data become estimates of how the well-being of persons has actually changed as they have gone through the life course. I argue that such estimates are much more useful than the counterfactual abstractions provided by Blanchflower and Oswald (Blanchflower, D.G., & Oswald, A.J. (2008). Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle? Social Science & Medicine, 66, 1733–1749), and I conclude that those authors (or someone else) could make a very important contribution by redoing their analyses with birth cohort as the only control variable. I do that with the American happiness data and find that the results do not come close to the U-shaped pattern.     

宁夏高校新生乙型肝炎知识和正向态度的调查

目的：调查宁夏地区大学生新生有关乙型肝炎防治知识的认知情况，为开展健康教育提供基线资料。方法：采取分层整群抽样方法，对宁夏1000名大学新生进行问卷调查。结果：对乙型肝炎一般知识、传播途径的正确回答率宁夏医学院新生高于宁夏大学和宁夏农学院新生，传播途径得分女生高于男生；正向态度得分宁夏大学新生高于其它2校，汉民高于回民；乙肝的一般知识、传播途径及正向态度得分城市学生均高于农村，差异均有显著性。结论：大学生对乙肝的防治知识有一定了解，但不全面，不系统，不均衡，开展健康教育非常重要。