全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2347篇 |
免费 | 102篇 |
国内免费 | 117篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 32篇 |
儿科学 | 21篇 |
妇产科学 | 71篇 |
基础医学 | 582篇 |
口腔科学 | 229篇 |
临床医学 | 128篇 |
内科学 | 407篇 |
皮肤病学 | 20篇 |
神经病学 | 89篇 |
特种医学 | 19篇 |
外科学 | 323篇 |
综合类 | 233篇 |
预防医学 | 38篇 |
眼科学 | 11篇 |
药学 | 170篇 |
中国医学 | 62篇 |
肿瘤学 | 131篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 12篇 |
2022年 | 31篇 |
2021年 | 31篇 |
2020年 | 23篇 |
2019年 | 26篇 |
2018年 | 39篇 |
2017年 | 32篇 |
2016年 | 35篇 |
2015年 | 65篇 |
2014年 | 129篇 |
2013年 | 139篇 |
2012年 | 98篇 |
2011年 | 130篇 |
2010年 | 103篇 |
2009年 | 131篇 |
2008年 | 151篇 |
2007年 | 170篇 |
2006年 | 152篇 |
2005年 | 131篇 |
2004年 | 122篇 |
2003年 | 129篇 |
2002年 | 83篇 |
2001年 | 73篇 |
2000年 | 59篇 |
1999年 | 67篇 |
1998年 | 66篇 |
1997年 | 69篇 |
1996年 | 72篇 |
1995年 | 51篇 |
1994年 | 51篇 |
1993年 | 47篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 4篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2566条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
目的 探讨膝关节纤维性僵直手术及围手术期、术后综合康复治疗的方法和意义.方法 26例膝关节纤维性僵直患者,采用髌骨外上方小切口,辅助关节镜下行关节内粘连松解,并结合徒手推拿松解.术前进行心理宣教,术后第2天开始经止痛泵维持在CPM机上行慢速全范围关节活动度功能锻炼,并行主被动伸屈膝功能锻炼、髌骨内推训练.结果 术后平均随访19个月(8~32个月),膝关节活动度从术前平均32°增至113°,平均提高81°.无皮肤坏死、创口裂开、肌腱断裂、骨折等并发症发生.结论 关节镜辅助下小切口松解治疗膝关节纤维性僵直的手术操作简单,创伤小,康复快.膝关节僵直围手术期及术后综合康复治疗,对膝关节功能恢复有重要意义. 相似文献
12.
13.
Kaisa M. Heiskanen Silvia Münzing Fritz Krombach Kai M. Savolainen 《Archives of toxicology》1997,71(10):627-632
The effects of linoleic acid, linoleic acid anilide, and arachidonic acid on the expression of CD11b/CD18, CD11c/CD18 integrins
and l-selectin on human neutrophils were studied by flow cytometry in a whole blood assay. None of these compounds had any effect
on the basal expression of CD11b, CD11c, or l-selectin in the concentration range of 20–100 μM. However, linoleic acid at a concentration of 1000 μM slightly up-regulated
CD11b and CD11c by a factor of 2.1 and 1.7, respectively. Linoleic acid, linoleic acid anilide, and arachidonic acid did not
affect the formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine induced up-regulation of CD11b or CD11c. However, linoleic acid and linoleic
acid anilide slightly inhibited the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced expression of CD11b, which was decreased by 27
and 21% at concentrations of 100 and 1000 μM, respectively. Likewise, arachidonic acid at 40 μM inhibited the PMA-induced
expression of CD11b by 19%. Our results suggest that linoleic acid, linoleic acid anilide, and arachidonic acid do not dramatically
affect the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules in a whole blood assay.
Received: 17 February 1997 / Accepted: 5 May 1997 相似文献
14.
β-Lactoglobulin was isolated from infant formulae that were ultra high temperature (UHT) -treated, sterilized or spray-dried. The effect of the isolated β-lactoglobulin on SfaII-fimbriae-mediated adhesion of Escherichia coli to human ileostomy glycoproteins was studied in vitro. β-Lactoglobulin isolated from sterilized formulae was found to perform significantly less well than preparations from spray-dried formulae (p = 0:05). Great heterogeneity was observed in the adhesion inhibitory capacity of β-lactoglobulin isolated from UHT-treated formulae. Therefore, no significant difference was observed between UHT-treated and sterilized formulae or spray-dried formulae (p < 0:10). It can be hypothesized that β-lactoglobulin from spray-dried and some UHT-treated infant formulae may affect the colonization of mucous membranes by E. coli strains causing neonatal septicaemia and meningitis. 相似文献
15.
Summary. The expression of adhesion molecules on human spermatozoa of healthy probands was analysed. The localization patterns of adhesion molecules (AM) on the spermatozoal surface were documented by fluorescence microscopy. Spermatozoa were incubated with antibodies against α1 (CD49a), α2 (CD49b), α3 (CD49c), α4 (CD49d), α5 (CD49e), α6 (CD49f) chains of β1 integrins, β1 (CD29), β2 (CD18), αV (CD51), β3 (CD61) and β4 integrin chains, the LFA-3 (Lymphocyte function antigen, CD58) from the immunoglobulin superfamily and the extracellular matrix proteins laminin, fibronectin and collagen IV. For collagen IV, α1 and α2 chains no expression could be noticed. Laminin was detected at the acrosomal membrane, fibronectin and β4 chain mainly at the equatorial membrane. The fibronectin receptors α3, α4 and α5 chains of the β1 integrins were mainly located on acrosomal and equatorial membrane areas. Laminin receptor α6 chain was located postacrosomal and less frequently acrosomal. β2 chain and vitronectin receptors αV and β3 chains had a mainly postacrosomal localization pattern. LFA-3 was found constantly on postacrosomal membrane areas. Double staining technique was used to prove the simultaneous occurrence of fibronectin and its integrin receptors α3, α4 and α5 chains and of αV and β2 chains on spermatozoa. The localization patterns of integrins on double stained spermatozoa were similar to the patterns described for single stained spermatozoa. The localization of fibronectin appeared to be influenced by the presence of integrins: the typical equatorial fibronectin band disappeared in case of an equatorial localization of integrins. 相似文献
16.
体外丹参、藻酸双酯钠对脑血栓形成患者红细胞与内皮细胞粘附的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
丹参、藻酸双酯钠是临床治疗脑血管病的常用药。本研究发现,在体外流场中用丹参、藻酸双酯钠分别处理脑血栓形成病人的红细胞后,此红细胞与培养的人脉静脉内皮细胞的粘附数目明显减少、粘附强度明显减弱;而且,在临床常用剂量下藻酸双酯钠的这种抗粘附作用优于丹参。认为丹参、藻酸双酯钠的这种抗粘附作用可能是临床用以治疗脑血栓形成的一个重要机理。 相似文献
17.
J. Kreuzer S. Denger A. Schmidts L. Jahn M. Merten E. von Hodenberg 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》1996,74(3):161-165
The accumulation of blood monocytes at sites of predilection of the vessel wall is an early cellular event of atherogenesis. Proteins of the vessel wall may facilitate monocyte adhesion and thus promote their recruitment. It has been shown that the relative content of extracellular fibrinogen increases during lesion development, and this study investigated the contribution of immobilized fibrinogen to monocyte adhesion and the underlying mechanism. Freshly isolated human blood monocytes were cultivated in serum-free RPMI 1640 in tissue culture wells precoated with albumin, fibrinogen, or fibrin. After 16 h the plates were washed and adherent cells enumcrated. Immobilized fibrinogen enhanced monocyte adhesion more than 1.9-fold compared to immobilized albumin or fibrin (P<0.05). Concomitant addition of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors staurosporine or H7 suppressed monocyte adherence to immobilized fibrinogen but exerted no significant effect upon adhesion to any other surface tested. Stimulation of monocytes using phorbol myristate acetate resulted in increased binding of monocytes on fibrinogen but not on bovine serum albumin. When PKC activity was reduced through prolonged incubation with PMA for 16h, a significant reduction of monocyte adhesion on fibrinogen was observed. Peptides containing RGD sequences, which have been demonstrated to be ligands for certain integrins, did not inhibit monocyte adhesion. The data suggest that fibrinogen promotes monocyte adhesion in vitro by a PKC-dependent mechanism. PKC appears to be important not only for the initial cell adhesion but also for sustained binding of monocytes to fibrinogen.Abbreviations
BSA
Bovine serum albumin
-
ECM
Extracellular matrix
-
PKC
Protein kinase C
-
PMA
Phorbol myristate acetate 相似文献
18.
Kretschmer U Bonhagen K Debes GF Mittrücker HW Erb KJ Liesenfeld O Zaiss D Kamradt T Syrbe U Hamann A 《European journal of immunology》2004,34(11):3070-3081
Endothelial selectins are crucial for the recruitment of leukocytes into sites of inflammation. On T cells, ligands for selectins become induced upon differentiation into the effector/memory stage. Initial in vitro studies suggested a correlation between the Th1 phenotype and ligand expression, but whether this also holds true in vivo remained uncertain. We here analyzed selectin ligands on CD4+ T cells producing IFN-gamma, IL-4 or IL-10, prototypic cytokines of the Th1, Th2 and Tr1 subset, respectively. We analyzed mice infected with influenza virus, the bacterium Listeria, and the parasites Toxoplasma (all Th1 models) or Nippostrongylus (Th2 model). A link between the Th1 phenotype and ligand expression was not found in vivo. Surprisingly, the potentially regulatory IL-10-producing T cells displayed the highest frequency of ligand-positive cells in general. Within the inflamed tissues, the frequencies of P-selectin-binding cells increased in the dominant subset, either Th1 or Th2. Up-regulation was also found for E-selectin ligands during influenza, but not Nippostrongylus infection. In conclusion, conditions driving T cell polarization into either Th1 or Th2 in vivo do not affect the expression of selectin ligands, but acquisition of P-selectin binding and hence migration into inflamed tissues is boosted by an inflammatory milieu. 相似文献
19.
N-cadherin expression in adrenal tumors: upregulation in malignant pheochromocytoma and downregulation in adrenocortical carcinoma 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are important regulators of tumor growth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the
expression pattern of CAMs in adrenal tumors regarding origin (cortex vs medulla) and biologic behavior (benign vs malignant).
Eighty-seven adrenal tumors were investigated by immunocytochemistry (ICC) using monoclonal antibodies against N-cadherin
(NCAD), E-cadherin (ECAD), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), and CD44. Western blotting was performed on 30 tumors using
the same antibodies. Markers for proliferation (Ki-67) and catecholamine synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase) were also analyzed
in tumors by ICC. NCAD was expressed in 12/27 benign pheochromocytomas (BPCs) (12 familial cases), 8/8 malignant pheochromocytomas
(MPCs), 28/30 adrenocortical adenomas, and 9/22 adrenocortical carcinomas. ECAD was expressed in 0/27 BPCs, 0/8 MPCs, 0/30
adrenocortical adenomas, and 2/22 adrenocortical carcinomas. NCAM was expressed in 26/27 BPCs, 7/8 MPCs, 21/30 adrenocrotical
adenomas, and 17/22 adrenocortical carcinomas. CD44 was expressed in 23/27 BPCs, 6/8 MPCs, 7/30 adrenocortical adenomas, and
4/22 adrenocortical carcinomas. Both cortical and medullary adrenal tumors expressed NCAD, NCAM, and CD44 but were devoid
of ECAD. The expression of CD44 and NCAM did not correlate with the malignant potential of tumors. NCAD was upregulated in
MPCs, but downregulated in adrenocortical carcinoma. Thus, NCAD appears to be involved in the development of both cortical
and medullary adrenal tumors. 相似文献
20.
Karoly Jakab Brook Damon Françoise Marga Octavian Doaga Vladimir Mironov Ioan Kosztin Roger Markwald Gabor Forgacs 《Developmental dynamics》2008,237(9):2438-2449
The Differential Adhesion Hypothesis (DAH) posits that differences in adhesion provide the driving force for morphogenetic processes. A manifestation of differential adhesion is tissue liquidity and a measure for it is tissue surface tension. In terms of this property, DAH correctly predicts global developmental tissue patterns. However, it provides little information on how these patterns arise from the movement and shape changes of cells. We provide strong qualitative and quantitative support for tissue liquidity both in true developmental context and in vitro assays. We follow the movement and characteristic shape changes of individual cells in the course of specific tissue rearrangements leading to liquid-like configurations. Finally, we relate the measurable tissue-liquid properties to molecular entities, whose direct determination under realistic three-dimensional culture conditions is not possible. Our findings confirm the usefulness of tissue liquidity and provide the scientific underpinning for a novel tissue engineering technology. Developmental Dynamics 237:2438-2449, 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献