Characterization of the Composition and Biological Activity of the Venom from Vespa bicolor Fabricius,a Wasp from South China

We analyzed, for the first time, the major components and biological properties of the venom of Vespa bicolor, a wasp from South China. Using HPLC and SDS-PAGE, combined with LC–MS/MS, MALDI-TOF-MS, and NMR data to analyze V. bicolor venom (VBV), we found that VBV contains three proteins (hyaluronidase A, phospholipase A1 (two isoforms), and antigen 5 protein) with allergenic activity, two unreported proteins (proteins 5 and 6), and two active substances with large quantities (mastoparan-like peptide 12a (Vb-MLP 12a), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)). In addition, the antimicrobial activity of VBV was determined, and results showed that it had a significant effect against anaerobic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration for Propionibacterium acnes were 12.5 µg/mL. Unsurprisingly, VBV had strong antioxidant activity because of the abundance of 5-HT. Contrary to other Vespa venom, VBV showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, even at low concentrations (1 µg/mL), and we found that Vb-MLP 12a showed pro-inflammatory activity by promoting the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells. Cytotoxicity studies showed that VBV had similar antiproliferative effects against all tested tumor cell lines (HepG2, Hela, MCF-7, A549, and SASJ-1), with HepG2 being the most susceptible. Overall, this study on VBV has high clinical importance and promotes the development of Vespa bicolor resources.     

皂角刺现代研究及临床应用

介绍了皂角刺在鉴别、化学成分、药理作用及临床应用等方面的研究现状。     

抗震救灾部队官兵皮肤病发病率及其影响因素分析

目的:调查汶川映秀镇抗震救灾部队官兵皮肤病的发病情况,分析其影响因素,并对营区内杀虫措施效果进行评价.方法:2008年6月15日至6月20日,以映秀镇的两支抗震救灾部队为研究对象,回顾性调查部队官兵在震后1个月内的皮肤病发病情况、帐篷卫生条件和杀虫措施实施情况等内容,采用χ2检验确定差异显著性.结果:映秀镇抗震救灾部队官兵在震后1个月的皮肤病发病率为42.20%,其中虫咬性皮炎和毛囊炎的构成比分别为82.05% 和15.38%;震后1、2、4周的皮肤病发病率水平明显高于震前水平(P<0.05),震后4周发病率的升高与在山上过夜相关;采用2.5%溴氰菊酯等杀虫剂对帐篷内外环境进行杀虫,皮肤病发病率由震后2周的26.61%降低至震后3周的0.92%(P<0.05).结论:抗震救灾部队官兵在震后皮肤病的发病率明显升高,震后恶劣的卫生环境、蚊虫叮咬是官兵皮肤病的主要因素,定期杀虫能有效降低皮肤病的发病率.     

蜂蜇伤所致多器官功能损害临床随机对照研究

目的：比较常规治疗与血液灌流（HP）、血液灌流联合连续肾脏替代疗法（HP＋CRRT）治疗蜂蜇伤所致多器官功能损害。方法：蜂蜇伤导致多器官功能损害患者24例,拒绝行HP,CRRT的患者分为对照组（n=8）,其余的16位患者采用随机数字表方法,随机分为HP,HP＋CRRT组,每组8例.观察各组治疗前后的肾功能、肝功能、C反应蛋白（CP,P）、肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同功酶（CK-MB）变化。比较各组间的治愈率、死亡率、平均住院天数。结果：常规治疗组中2例患者死亡,病死率为25.0％（2／8）,其余患者平均住院天数为（17.8±2.3）d,治愈率为62.5％（5／8）,HP组平均住院天数为（10.6±1.9）d,HP联合CRRT为（8.3±1.3）d,P〈0.05,后两者治愈率分别为87.5％,100.0％。结论：HP联合CRRT较常规治疗组或单用HP组更能有效治疗蜂蜇伤所致多器官功能损害,促进肾功能、肝功能、心肌酶谱改善,从而缩短病程,减少平均住院天数。     

血液净化治疗蜂蜇伤致儿童多器官功能障碍综合征1例报告并文献复习

目的了解蜂蜇伤的致病特点,总结血液净化方法治疗蜂蜇伤致多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的经验。方法对1例儿童蜂蜇伤致MODS的临床资料进行回顾分析,并复习相关文献。结果1例6岁女童因蜂蜇伤后导致MODS,联合应用血液灌流、血液透析及连续性肾脏替代治疗等血液净化治疗,结合内科综合治疗,历时26d治愈出院。8个月后随访,患儿体健,无后遗症。结论严重蜂蜇伤致MODS属临床危重症,联合血液净化治疗可有效清除内外源性有害物质,缩短病程,改善预后,降低病死率。     

Block of locust muscle glutamate receptors by δ-philathotoxin occurs after receptor activations

One component (δ-philathottoxin (δ-PTX)) of the venom from the wasp (Philanthus triangulum blocks transmission postsynaptically at excitatory synapses on locust muscle. δ-PTX depresses both the iontophoretic glutamate potential and the excitatory junctional current (e.j.c.) in a glutamate receptor activation-dependent manner. The rate of recovery from the effects of the toxin is reduced following either prolonged application ofl-glutamate or repetitive iontophoretic application of this amino acid or high frequency neural stimulation of the muscle in the presence of δ-PTX. The decay phase of the e.j.c. is shortened by δ-PTX. The effects of δ-PTX on the e.j.c. are not voltage dependent. The open-close kinetics of glutamate channels in extrajunctional muscle membrane are modified by δ-PTX as shown by patch clamp analysis. The mean life time of the glutamate channel is reduced, whilst the mean interval between single opening events is increased with the events often occurring in bursts. These data are consistent with glutamate channel blocking by this toxin. It is proposed that the toxin blocks open channels gated by both junctional and extrajunctional glutamate receptors on locust muscle. It is further proposed that δ-PTX enters a compartment of the muscle through the glutamate open channels and that it can also block the open channels from this site.     

蜂蛰伤致急性肾损伤患者高迁移率族蛋白B1的水平及意义

目的 通过检测蜂蛰伤致急性肾损伤患者血清高迁移率族蛋白B1 (HMGB1)的水平,探讨其与蜂蛰伤致急性肾损伤的发生和发展的关系.方法 收集30例蜂蛰伤致急性肾损伤患者和28例健康对照者的血清标本.应用抗体夹心ELISA方法检测血清HMGB1的水平;应用全自动生化分析仪、全自动血液分析仪检测生化指标,并分析HMGB1水平与各生化指标的相关性.结果 蜂蛰伤致急性肾损伤患者血清中HMGB1水平为(6.49±3.73 ng/mL),明显高于健康对照者的(1.01 ±0.67) ng/mL(P ＜0.01).血清HMGB1水平明显与血清肌酐、肌酸激酶、肌红蛋白、尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶、尿α1微球蛋白呈正相关(P＜0.01),而与血总胆红素及血红蛋白无明显相关(P＞0.05).结论 蜂蛰伤致急性肾损伤患者血清HMGB1水平明显增高,且与疾病的发生发展密切相关,其可能通过影响肾小管功能参与蜂蛰伤致急性肾损伤的发生发展.     

Evaluation of the risk of anaphylactic reactions by wasp venom-extract challenges in children

Diagnostic sting challenges have been shown to provide information on the risk of further anaphylactic reactions to bee stings. We present a follow-up study in wasp venom-hypersensitive children after diagnostic venom extract challenges to analyze their risk of further anaphylactic reactions. Responses were obtained from 104 patients with wasp venom hypersensitivity out of 115 former patients. Only one of the 104 patients showed more than a severe local reaction to the sting challenge irrespective of the performance of a single or sequential challenge; therefore, only one patient received venom immunotherapy. The performance of a diagnostic sting challenge with wasp venom extract in children had a high negative predictive value of 94.6% for the risk of further systemic reactions. This was shown by analysis of later field stings, since 37 children experienced further field stings and only two of these children(5.4%) developed a mild systemic reaction (urticaria) equal to or less severe than the index sting. The value of the venom extract challenge can be interpreted in two ways: either it is less sensitive than a native sting challenge since the rate of systemic reactions to the challenge was very low, or the prognosis of wasp venom hypersensitivity in children is extremely favorable. Since the latter hypothesis is supported by the low incidence of systemic field sting reactions, we postulate that venom immunotherapy is necessary only in a minority of children with wasp venom hypersensitivity with an index sting reaction of Mueller grade I or II. However, the value of venom extract challenges as a general diagnostic instrument in children with Mueller I and II reactions due to wasp venom hypersensitivity may be questioned. It may have a place as a safe procedure in demonstrating to parents and physicians the often self-limiting natural course in most of these children.