Biochemistry of Anterior,Medial, and Posterior Genioglossus Muscle in the Rat

The tongue plays a vital role in swallowing actions. However, tongue muscles have been understudied, and it is unclear if tongue muscles are homogeneous with respect to muscle fiber-type distribution. We examined myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of anterior, medial, and posterior sections of the genioglossus muscle (GG) using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in ten adult (9 months old) male Fischer 344/Brown Norway hybrid rats. We found that Type IIx MHC predominated in the anterior, medial, and posterior regions of the GG muscle (p = 0.002), followed by IIa, then IIb. The anterior GG contained a significantly greater (p = 0.004) proportion of Type IIa than did the medial or posterior regions, while the posterior GG contained a significantly greater (p = 0.002) proportion of Type IIb MHC than did the medial or anterior GG. Accordingly, we found variable expression of MHC isoforms across anterior, medial, and posterior portions of the GG muscle, with more fast-contracting isoforms found posteriorly. Because motor control of the tongue requires precise and rapid movements for bolus manipulation and airway protection, variable expression of MHC isoforms along the anteroposterior axis of the GG muscle may be required to efficiently achieve deglutition and maintenance of airway patency. This work was funded by a grant from the National Institute of Deafness & Other Communication Disorders (R01 DC005935) and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.     

Programme alignment in higher‐level planning processes: a four‐country case‐study for Sexual and Reproductive Health

With international development assistance focussed on poverty reduction, national and sector‐wide planning processes have become increasingly important in setting agendas. Sector‐Wide Approaches (SWAps), Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), and other higher level planning processes, including Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) reporting, have required new levels of engagement in national and sectoral planning processes. For Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH), this has had mixed consequences, despite raising the profile of SRH in national planning agendas, and emphasizing the potential of SRH to contribute to the reduction of poverty. Drawing on case‐study research from four countries, this paper analyzes alignment of SRH policy with higher‐level planning processes. It found that SRH managers are rarely engaged in higher‐level planning processes, and while SRH features prominently in the [health] sections of PRSPs, it is not reflected in other sections, and does not necessarily correspond to more resources. Despite these limitations, these planning processes offer synergies that could improve the contribution of SRH to health sector development and poverty reduction. The paper recommends that local donor organizations, including key UN agencies, offer greater support for SRH programme managers in promoting the pro‐poor and systems‐wide strengths of SRH programmes to planners and policy makers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

荧光定量PCR法检测弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤IgH基因重排的意义

 目的 探讨荧光染料标记的实时定量PCR方法检测弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）IgH基因重排的可行性和临床意义。方法 44例DLBCL患者的57份骨髓标本用于检测IgH基因重排。Namalwa细胞系作阳性对照,U-937细胞系作阴性对照。SYBR Green荧光染料标记的实时荧光定量PCR方法检测IgH基因重排CDRⅢ。β-actin 作内参照,对IgH基因重排相对定量。结果 分析融解曲线可以确定IgH基因重排产物的特异性。荧光定量PCR检测IgH基因重排的阳性率分别为63.2 ％。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者IgH基因重排表达量中位数为0,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者IgH基因重排表达量中位数为0.35,两组患者之间差异有统计学意义（P＝0.018）。LDH值高于正常组,IgH基因重排表达量为0.39,LDH值低于正常组,IgH基因重排表达量为0.01,两组之间差异有统计学意义（P＝0.046）。结论 荧光染料标记的定量PCR方法可用于DLBCL的骨髓微小残留病变的检测。检测骨髓IgH基因重排,可以协助分期。     

Public sector managed care: a comparative evaluation of substance abuse treatment in three counties

AIMS: A study of publicly funded substance abuse treatment systems compared MidState, a county that reorganized its treatment system using managed care principles, to two other California counties that took different approaches, NorthState and SouthState. It was hypothesized that MidState would have better outcomes due to its emphasis on quality of care. DESIGN: This natural experiment compared the 'experimental' county, MidState, to two 'control' counties, assessing client outcomes following treatment. Administrative and historical exigencies that may affect system differences were explored in interviews with treatment program managers and staff. SETTINGS: Comparison counties were selected using treatment system and county census data, maximizing similarities to enhance internal validity. PARTICIPANTS: Adult clients (n = 681) were interviewed when beginning treatment and 12 months later (81% response rate). In addition, 50 treatment program managers and staff members across the three counties were interviewed during the year of client recruitment. MEASUREMENTS: Client interviews assessed functioning in the seven Addiction Severity Index domains-alcohol, drug, psychiatric, legal, employment, medical and family/social. FINDINGS: Outcomes (differences between baseline and 12 month composite scores) did not differ between counties in six of seven domains; in the seventh, psychiatric functioning, SouthState had better outcomes than MidState. Staff interviews indicated generally similar treatment strategies across counties, with MidState supplying greater oversight and performance standards. CONCLUSIONS: Managed care in public sector treatment generally did not result in poorer outcomes. Future attention in MidState to the barriers to successful implementation of individualized treatment, and to dual diagnosis treatment, might bring more positive results.     

应用CpG-寡脱氧核苷酸免疫刺激进行慢性淋巴细胞白血病的染色体研究

目的 验证CpG-寡脱氧核苷酸(CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide,CpG-ODN)免疫刺激是否能提高B细胞慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia,CLL)核型异常检出率.方法 抽取57例B-CLL患者的骨髓或外周血,分别加入CpG-ODN DSP30+白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)、植物血凝素(phytohemagglutinin,PHA)、美洲商陆(pokeweed,PWM)和IL-2后进行培养,5 d后按常规收获并制备染色体,应用R显带技术进行核型分析.应用Cen12、D13S25、Rb1、ATM、P53、MYB和IgH探针对其中19例核型正常的患者进行组合荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)检测.抽提骨髓或外周血单个核细胞基因组DNA,应用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增免疫球蛋白重链可变区(immunoglobulin variable heavy chain,IgVH)并进行DNA序列分析.应用流式细胞仪(flow cytometry,FCM)检测白血病细胞的CD38和ZAP70表达.结果 DSP30+IL-2组的异常核型检出率(43.85%)明显高于PHA组(15.09%)、PWM组(17.31%)和IL-2组(3.13%)(P<0.01).DSP30+IL-2组共检出畸变52种.数目异常以+12或+12伴其它异常为最多见(9例);结构异常以易位为最多见(14例),包括平衡易位11例和不平衡易位3例,前者中又以14q32重排为最多见(7例).FISH显示19例正常核型患者中13例(68.42%)显示1种或多种异常,包括12三体和p53缺失各l例,IgH重排和部分缺失各1例,13q14.3缺失11例,其中5例合并RB1缺失,1例合并RB1部分缺失,未见ATM和MYB缺失者.PCR揭示10/18例有IgVH突变(55.55%).FCM检测揭示10/45例CD38+,35/45例CD38-,11/27例ZAP70+,16/27例ZAP70-.同时进行CD38和ZAP70检测的26例中,5例为CD38+ZAP70+,13例为CD38-ZAP70-,2例为CD38+ZAP70-,6例为CD38-ZAP70+.统计学分析揭示复杂核型异常与IgVH无突变之间有相关性,但未发现CD38或ZAP70表达与核型之间有相关性.结论 CpG-ODN可显著提高CLL的核型异常特别是各种平衡和不平衡易位的检出率;FISH是常规核型分析的重要补充,二者结合能提供更全面的遗传学信息.     

Patient satisfaction with NHS elective tonsillectomy outsourced to the private sector under the Patient Choice Programme

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: An interim goal of the NHS 'Extending choice for patients' initiative was that, by 2004, patients who had been on the NHS waiting list for elective surgery for 6 months were provided with a choice of staying on the waiting list or being treated faster by opting to have their operation with an alternative provider. The aim of this study was to examine patient satisfaction in a cohort of patients who travelled out-of-region to undergo routine tonsillectomy performed by an NHS consultant at a private hospital. METHOD: A questionnaire survey was conducted of adult patients undergoing elective tonsillectomy in 2002 and 2003 at The Hampshire Clinic, Basingstoke, UK. RESULTS: Our results showed that 95% (n = 123) of patients were happy to travel considerable distances from their local hospital to have their operation. Overall 71% (n = 92) of patients rated the overall experience of having the operation performed at the private hospital as excellent and 25% (n = 32) rated it as satisfactory. CONCLUSION: We conclude that tonsillectomy performed by a consultant in an out-of-region private hospital is associated with a high level of patient satisfaction and is an acceptable way to reduce waiting times for tonsillectomy provided clear guidelines and safeguards are in place.     

先天性无丙种球蛋白血症μ重链基因突变一例

目的 探讨1例μ重链(μHC)基因缺陷患儿的临床特征和基因突变类型.方法 患儿为男性,1岁10个月,临床诊断先天性无丙种球蛋白血症,BTK基因分析未见突变.采用PCR方法 扩增患儿及父母μHC基因组DNA.采用RT-PCR扩增患儿μHC mRNA.PCR产物直接进行双向序列测定.结果患儿生后8个月开始反复出现发热、咳嗽.11个月出现右侧偏瘫,1岁零8个月出现左髋关节和右膝关节疼痛肿胀.脑脊液常规检查示细胞总数18×10~6/L[参考值(0～15)×106/L],白细胞7×10~6/L[参考值(0～15)×10~6/L],生化示蛋白0.14 g/L(参考值0.15～0.45 g/L),糖4.68mmol/L(参考值2.44～4.44 mmol/L),氯化物116.3 mmol/L(参考值120～132 mmol/L).头颅CT平扫未见明显异常.免疫球蛋白IgG 181 mg/L,IgA 22 mg/L,IgM 28.8 mg/L,IgE 4.6 U/ml.淋巴细胞分类示T淋巴细胞(CD3~+)67%,B淋巴细胞(CDl9~+)为0,NK细胞(CD16~+ CD56~+)32%.基因分析患儿为μHC基因的复合杂合突变.一条等位基因在第4外显子剪接位点发生突变(1956 G＞A),患儿父亲为此突变基因的携带者;一条等位基因在第1外显子核苷酸插入导致移码突变(170-175insert C,L11fs60X),患儿母亲为此突变基因的携带者.第1外显子插入突变为首次报道的突变类型.患儿μHC cDNA经半巢式PCR扩增并测序,发现第4外显子潜在剪接位点活化导致转录产物插入第4内含子136个核苷酸,导致仅合成分泌型μHC蛋白.结论通过临床筛查和基因分析,在我国首次报道μHC基因复合杂合突变(1956 G＞A和170-175insert C)患儿,并且发现1个第1外显子的新的突变位点.     

Giant Cell Interstitial Pneumonia Associated with Nitrofurantoin

A case of giant cell interstitial pneumonia (GIF) that occurred in association with exposure to nitrofurantoin is presented. While the diagnosis of GIP is confirmed by histopathology, this diagnosis can be supported by the findings of bizarre multinucleated giant cells (MGC), elevated T lymphocytes, and a low T lymphocyte helper/suppressor ratio in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Recognition of GIP as a rare manifestation of nitrofurantoin toxicity is important because prompt therapy may be associated with a favorable outcome. This work was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES12717).     

感染季节2次化疗控制人畜血吸虫感染效果观察

荆州区和江陵县2008年在感染季节实施2次人畜药物化疗及查灭钉螺措施后,人群血吸虫感染率分别降至1.45%和2.73%,耕牛感染率分别降至3.30%和3.01%;钉螺感染率分别比2007年下降了28.96%和16.62%。2008年考核评估与2007年预评估比较,现场查病抽查人群血吸虫平均感染率由2007年的2.87%降至1.26%,耕牛感染率由2007年的4.42%降至1.80%。血吸虫感染季节2次化疗可显著降低人畜血吸虫的感染。