国有重工业企业职工主观幸福感及其影响因素研究

目的 探讨国有重工业企业职工主观幸福感并分析主观幸福感的影响因素,探寻提高主观幸福感的方法.方法 总体幸福感量表(GWB)对299名国有重工业企业职工进行调查.结果 1)主观幸福感在年龄、受教育程度方面存在差异;在对工厂的满意度方面存在显著差异;在婚姻状况、工作性质、进厂形式和年收入方面存在极其显著差异.2)人口统计学变量中的工作性质、年收入、对工厂的满意度、工种和进厂形式对主观幸福感均有显著的预测作用.结论 主观幸福感在不同人口统计学变量上有所差异,工作性质、年收入、满意度、工种和进厂形式是影响主观幸福感的重要因素.     

远洋捕捞生活对船员精液质量的影响

目的 探讨远洋捕捞环境对船员精液质量的影响.方法 研究对象为2000年3月.2006年9月间从事远洋捕捞作业的船员志愿者30例.对其去远洋前后的精液进行自身对照研究,分析精液的参数及精浆中重金属元素的含量.结果 与去远洋前比较,远洋回来后靠岸时船员的精液常规参数中精液量、精子密度、正常形态的精子比例及精子活动率均显著下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);精子活力在远洋回来后显著降低(P＜0.05);精浆中的重金属元素汞的含量在远洋回来后显著增高(P＜0.05),精浆中锌、铜、铅及镉元素的含量均有不同程度的升高,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).远洋回来3月后精液常规参数、精子活动参数及精浆中的重金属元素含量回归,与去远洋前水平无明显差异.结论 与去远洋前相比,远洋回来后船员的精液质量下降;精液质量的下降可在3个月内恢复.     

Exploring daily variations of drinking in the Swiss general population. A growth curve analysis

This study aims to address the underlying trajectories of weekly individual drinking patterns by growth models and to relate differences in drinking patterns to socio-demographic and drinking characteristics of respondents. Data came from a two-stage stratified random subsample of 747 persons aged 15 years or more from a Swiss study on alcohol consumption using a within-subject design conducted between March 1999 and July 1999. Beverage specific assessment of daily alcohol consumption was obtained by a weekly drinking diary and other characteristics via telephone interviews. The diary had to be filled out on seven consecutive days. The growth models accounted for up to 37.6% of the initial error variance and provided evidence for two distinct, negatively correlated underlying trajectories of drinking patterns. The first trajectory described an increase in consumption from Monday to Sunday. The second trajectory was about a specific weekend consumption culminating on Saturday with a significantly higher growth rate among young people and heavy episodic drinkers than in other subgroups. Therefore, young and heavy episodic drinkers may be exposed to sudden adverse consequences of alcohol consumption during the weekend. Prevention efforts which are targeted to this subgroup should take its specific drinking pattern into account.     

Pharmacological models of ADHD

Summary For more than 50 years, heavy metal exposure during pre- or post-natal ontogeny has been known to produce long-lived hyperactivity in rodents. Global brain injury produced by neonatal hypoxia also produced hyperactivity, as did (mainly) hippocampal injury produced by ontogenetic exposure to X-rays, and (mainly) cerebellar injury produced by the ontogenetic treatments with the antimitotic agent methylazoxymethanol or with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). More recently, ontogenetic exposure to nicotine has been implicated in childhood hyperactivity. Because attention deficits most often accompany the hyperactivity, all of the above treatments have been used as models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the causation of childhood hyperactivity remains unknown. Neonatal 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic denervation of rodent forebrain also produces hyperactivity – and this model, or variations of it, remain the most widely-used animal model of ADHD. In all models, amphetamine (AMPH) and methylphenidate (MPH), standard treatments of childhood ADHD, typically attenuate the hyperactivity and/or attention deficit. On the basis of genetic models and the noted animal models, monoaminergic phenotypes appear to most-closely attend the behavioral dysfunctions, notably dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotoninergic systems in forebrain (basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex). This paper describes the various pharmacological models of ADHD and attempts to ascribe a neuronal phenotype with specific brain regions that may be associated with ADHD. Correspondence: Richard M. Kostrzewa, Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Box 70577, TN 37614, USA     

中药中重金属和残留农药去除方法研究进展

目的为选择中药中重金属和残留农药的去除方法提供依据。方法根据近年的23篇文献,从去除中药中重金属技术及去除中药中残留农药技术两个方面进行综述。结果去除重金属的方法有吸附色谱分离法、吸附澄清法、超临界CO2配合萃取法;去除残留农药的方法有水洗法、炮制法、超临界CO2流体萃取法。结论色谱分离技术为很有前途的去除重金属的处理技术;超临界CO2流体萃取法对于去除中药中重金属和残留农药效果较好。     

Reviews of translational medicine and genomics in cardiovascular disease: new disease taxonomy and therapeutic implications cardiomyopathies: therapeutics based on molecular phenotype

The enduring subdivision of cardiomyopathies into hypertrophic (HCM), dilated (DCM), and restrictive (RCM) categories reflects the emphasis of traditional classifications on morphology. Rapid advances in the genetic interrogation of these disorders have redefined their taxonomy and revealed potential conflicts between the old and new classifications. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has been redefined as a disease of perturbed sarcomere function. Dilated cardiomyopathy is a disease that results from more varied perturbations, including, but not limited to, defects of the cytoskeleton. Positional cloning and candidate gene approaches have been successful in identifying >40 disease loci, many of which have led to disease genes in HCM, DCM, RCM, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. These findings provide mechanistic insights, permit genetic screening, and to a limited extent, facilitate prognostication. Although single gene analyses rapidly focus down to the underlying mechanistic pathways, they do not take account of all relevant variation in the human genome. Correspondingly, advances in genomics, through microarrays, have facilitated characterization of these broader downstream elements. As well as refining the taxonomic reclassification of cardiomyopathies, these genomic approaches, coupled with functional studies, have identified novel potential therapeutic targets, such as cardiac energetics, calcium handling, and apoptosis. We review the successes and pitfalls of genetic and genomic approaches to cardiomyopathy and their impact on current and future clinical care.     

The effect of brief interventions on alcohol consumption among heavy drinkers in a general hospital setting

AIMS: (i) To evaluate the effect of receiving one of two brief interventions in reducing alcohol consumption among general hospital patients compared with usual care. (ii) To assess whether a brief intervention of self-efficacy enhancement was superior to a self-help booklet in reducing alcohol consumption. DESIGN: A three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Seven general medical, six general surgical, one dermatology and two otolaryngology wards of a large teaching hospital covering a large urban and rural area. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 215 of 789 in-patients aged 18-75 years, who screened positive for alcohol consumption in excess of national recommended limits according to a 7-day retrospective drinking diary. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were allocated to receive one of three interventions: (i) face-to-face self-efficacy enhancement; (ii) a self-help booklet; or (iii) usual care. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome measure was change in reported alcohol consumption at 6-month follow-up as measured by a 7-day retrospective drinking diary. Secondary outcomes were change in: number of alcohol drinking days in last week; the maximum units of alcohol consumed on any one day in last week; and Drinking Refusal Self-efficacy Expectancy Questionnaire score. FINDINGS: Compared to the usual care group the self-efficacy enhancement group (-10.1 units 95% CI -16.1 to -4.1) and the self-help booklet group (-10.0 units 95% CI -16.0 to -3.9) had greater reductions in self-reported weekly alcohol consumption. There was no evidence that self-efficacy enhancement was superior to the self-help booklet (P = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Brief interventions delivered in hospital offer simple means of helping heavy drinkers to reduce their alcohol consumption.