Evaluation of coronary subclavian steal syndrome using sestamibi imaging and duplex scanning with observed vertebral subclavian steal

Coronary subclavian steal is defined as retrograde blood flow from the myocardium through the internal mammary artery graft, secondary to a proximal subclavian artery stenosis. The incidence of this syndrome in patients undergoing internal mammary artery grafts for coronary artery bypass is estimated to be 0.44%. Angiography remains the definitive diagnostic test for confirming this condition. We describe a noninvasive method for evaluating coronary subclavian steal syndrome in a 57-year-old man, with a 50-55% subclavian stenosis confirmed by angiography. Noninvasive evaluation using duplex scanning demonstrated normal vertebral artery blood flow. Technetium 99m-sestamibi (99mTc) imaging confirmed a fixed anterolateral defect. When left-arm isometric exercise was employed, retrograde vertebral artery blood flow was observed by Doppler imaging. A repeat 99mTc-sestamibi study documented an increase in tracer distribution in the anterolateral defect confirming reperfusion of the myocardium through the left internal mammary artery graft. The use of duplex scanning and 99mTc-sestamibi may serve as an adjunct in evaluating coronary subclavian steal syndrome as well as documenting transient vertebral subclavian steal in this patient population.     

Doppler reference values of the fetal vertebral and middle cerebral arteries,at 19–41 weeks gestation

Objectives: Blood flow to the fetal brain is supplied by two vascular systems: the vertebral artery (VA) and the internal carotid artery with its anatomical continuation, the middle cerebral artery (ICA/MCA). In this work, our aim was to establish consistent reference values for the comparative study of both arterial systems.

Methods: The study group consisted of 2323 Doppler examinations of the VA, MCA and UA performed on 2323 single pregnancies between 19 and 41 weeks. These values were afterwards used to calculate the pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV) and cerebro-placental ratio (CPR) percentiles.

Results: The VA and MCA PI reached maximum values at the end of the second trimester and decreased afterwards due to an increase in the diastolic flow. Conversely, the VA and MCA PSV increased progressively until the end of pregnancy. Regarding the VA and MCA CPR values, they were higher in the middle of the third trimester and decreased afterwards.

Conclusions: In both arterial systems, Doppler reference values have been calculated for the PI, PSV and CPR, being available for future comparative studies.     

Osteoporosis in children and young adults

Osteoporosis is a major public health problem with serious long-term complications. In children, the definition of osteoporosis is not only based on densitometric criteria but also takes into account vertebral and long bone fragility fractures. Several factors, such as long-term high-dose steroids, chronic inflammation, malnutrition, immobility, lack of sex steroids, and medication can reduce bone density and increase the risk for fragility fractures when left untreated. Also, genetic conditions can predispose to primary bone fragility disorders, with osteogenesis imperfecta being the most common. Furthermore, since the growing skeleton is at an increased rate of bone remodeling, the ability to heal long bone fractures and reshape vertebral fractures differentiates children from adults. The scope of this chapter is to review the risk factors of osteoporosis and fragility fractures and describe the commonest causes of primary and secondary osteoporosis and their management in children and young adults.     

养血清脑颗粒联合尼莫地平治疗颈性眩晕的临床研究

目的 研究养血清脑颗粒联合尼莫地平片治疗颈性眩晕的临床疗效。方法 选取2019年2月-2020年2月天津市第一中心医院收治的100例颈性眩晕患者,将所有患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各50例。对照组患者口服尼莫地平片,1片/次,3次/d。治疗组在对照组基础上口服养血清脑颗粒,1袋/次,3次/d。两组患者持续治疗10 d。观察两组患者临床疗效,比较两组的临床症状缓解时间、椎动脉型颈椎病功能评定量表（FS-CSA）评分、椎动脉血流速度和血清内皮素（ET）、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）水平。结果 治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为78.00%、96.00%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,治疗组患者眩晕、前庭功能受损、耳蜗症状、自主神经症状消失时间显著短于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组FS-CSA评分显著降低,椎动脉血流速度显著升高（P<0.05）;并且治疗组FS-CSA评分和椎动脉血流速度改善较明显（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组血清ET水平显著降低,CGRP水平显著升高（P<0.05）;并且治疗组血清ET和CGRP水平改善较明显（P<0.05）。结论 养血清脑颗粒联合尼莫地平片用于治疗颈性眩晕能够缩短临床症状缓解时间,升高椎动脉血流速度,改善患者临床症状和血清ET、CGRP水平。     

骨瓜提取物注射液对骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者疼痛缓解及骨密度的影响

目的探析骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者应用骨瓜提取物注射液对疼痛及骨密度的影响。方法对2017年1月~2018年12月在某院进行治疗的84例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者进行分组研究,采用抽签法分为对照组(n=42)与研究组(n=42)。对照组应用锝[99Tc]亚甲基二膦酸盐注射液治疗,在此基础上,研究组联合应用骨瓜提取物注射液治疗,对比两组临床疗效及疼痛程度、骨密度、骨钙素水平变化。结果研究组临床总有效率为95.24%,对照组为78.57%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组治疗2个月、6个月后疼痛评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组治疗6个月后骨密度大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组治疗6个月后骨钙素水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者应用骨瓜提取物注射液治疗,可进一步提高临床效果,缓解疼痛,增加骨密度。     

3D打印个体化人工椎体在胸腰椎肿瘤整块切除后脊柱稳定性重建中的应用

目的探索3D打印个体化人工椎体在胸腰椎肿瘤整块切除后脊柱稳定性重建中的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院2015年7月至2020年6月收治的接受一期后路全脊椎整块切除术的胸腰椎肿瘤患者28例,分为2组,每组14例。其中3D组使用3D打印个体化人工椎体重建,常规组使用钛笼重建。对比两组的住院时间、手术时间、术中出血量,记录术前、术后7 d及末次随访时视觉模拟评分(VAS),Frankel分级情况,测量节段高度及角度,评估临床疗效。结果两组患者住院时间、手术时间、术中出血量和VAS评分比较,差异无统计学意义。共8例患者Frankel评分获得一个等级的改善(28.6%)。3D组椎间高度丢失(1.9±2.2)mm,内植物沉降2例,沉降率14.3%;常规组椎间高度丢失(6.6±5.5)mm,内植物沉降8例,沉降率57.1%;两组比较差异有统计学意义(<0.05)。在节段角度丢失方面组间差异无统计学意义(=0.571)。3D组所有患者内固定良好,常规组1例患者发生断棒情况。结论 3D打印人工椎体可以更好地维持节段高度,降低椎间隙塌陷和内固定失败的风险。     

腰椎压缩性骨折病人经皮椎体成形术后骨水泥渗漏的危险因素分析

目的:探讨腰椎压缩性骨折病人采用经皮椎体成形术治疗后发生骨水泥渗漏的危险因素。方法:选取医院经皮椎体成形术后随访12个月内发生骨水泥渗漏的病人42例作为渗漏组,选取同期实施经皮椎体成形术且未发生骨水泥渗漏的84例病人作为对照组,比较两组病人年龄、性别、骨折部位、术前Cobb角、骨密度、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥椎体体积比、术前椎体压缩率、是否合并椎体骨劈裂口,并采用Logistic回归方法分析危险因素。结果:经单因素分析显示:两组病人的年龄、性别、骨折部位、术前Cobb角、骨密度、骨水泥注入量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组病人的骨水泥椎体体积比、术前椎体压缩率、是否合并椎体骨劈裂口比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经Logistic多因素分析显示:骨水泥椎体体积比增大、合并椎体骨劈裂口是经皮椎体成形术后病人发生骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:骨水泥椎体体积比增大、合并椎体骨劈裂口是腰椎压缩性骨折病人采用经皮椎体成形术治疗后发生骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素,护理人员需要引起重视。     

经皮球囊扩张椎体成形术治疗陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折并假关节形成的疗效观察

目的：探讨经皮球囊扩张椎体成形术（percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty,PKP））治疗陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折并假关节形成的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我科2009年9月～2014年3月收治的15例患者,均确诊为陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折并假关节形成,行经皮球囊扩张椎体成形术（ PKP）治疗;术前、术后行视觉模拟评分（ visual analogue scales,VAS）及日常生活能力（ Macnab标准）比较,测量术前、术后伤椎节段矢状面指数,明确椎体后凸矫正情况。结果15例均顺利完成手术,无一例并发症。患者疼痛症状及日常生活能力明显改善,术后VAS评分：1d（2．53±0．51）、1个月（2．06±0．70）、3个月（2．13±0．51）,均比术前（7．47±0．64）有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。术后伤椎节段矢状面指数（25．8±5．12）°与术前（34．4±5．10）°有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论 PKP技术可以稳定陈旧性椎体压缩性骨折后形成的假关节,改善椎体后凸,明显减轻患者的腰痛症状,提高患者日常生活能力。     

Alterations in intervertebral disc composition,matrix homeostasis and biomechanical behavior in the UCD‐T2DM rat model of type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) adversely affects many tissues, and the greater incidence of discogenic low back pain among diabetic patients suggests that the intervertebral disc is affected too. Using a rat model of polygenic obese T2D, we demonstrate that diabetes compromises several aspects of disc composition, matrix homeostasis, and biomechanical behavior. Coccygeal motion segments were harvested from 6‐month‐old lean Sprague‐Dawley rats, obese Sprague‐Dawley rats, and diabetic obese UCD‐T2DM rats (diabetic for 69 ± 7 days). Findings indicated that diabetes but not obesity reduced disc glycosaminoglycan and water contents, and these degenerative changes correlated with increased vertebral endplate thickness and decreased endplate porosity, and with higher levels of the advanced glycation end‐product (AGE) pentosidine. Consistent with their diminished glycosaminoglycan and water contents and their higher AGE levels, discs from diabetic rats were stiffer and exhibited less creep when compressed. At the matrix level, elevated expression of hypoxia‐inducible genes and catabolic markers in the discs from diabetic rats coincided with increased oxidative stress and greater interactions between AGEs and one of their receptors (RAGE). Taken together, these findings indicate that endplate sclerosis, increased oxidative stress, and AGE/RAGE‐mediated interactions could be important factors for explaining the greater incidence of disc pathology in T2D. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:738–746, 2015.     

椎基底动脉三维CT血管造影对颈性眩晕椎动脉寰枕段形态学改变的观察

目的:探索颈性眩晕的椎动脉寰枕段(V3段)血管形态病理学改变.方法:1999年6月至2011年11月,采用椎-基底动脉CT血管造影三维重建技术(3D-CTA)对1 680例颈性眩晕患者的血管形态影像进行回顾性分析,观察其椎动脉V3段血管形态病理学改变情况.其中男783例,女897例;年龄22～70岁,平均52.8岁,所有病例经多普勒检查显示椎基底动脉流速加快或减慢.结果:1 680例颈性眩晕患者在V1-V4段有3 360支血管被检测,血管异常支数有2 778支,其中V1段有829支,V2段有421支,V3段有328支,V4段有1 190支.颈性眩晕患者椎动脉V3段血管形态病理学有椎动脉血管痉挛(232支)、椎动脉血管缺如(37支)、椎动脉血管出孔异常(31支)、椎动脉血管局限性狭窄4种改变.结论:颈性眩晕的椎动脉V3段存在4种血管形态病理学改变,可以以3D-CTA检查结果来判断预后并采取适当的治疗方法.