小学生行为问题综合干预效果的研究

目的:观察小学生行为问题综合干预效果.方法:应用自编儿童心理卫生调查问卷、Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL),以整群抽样的方法,抽取社区所属的两所小学一年级学生1482人为研究对象,随机选取其中一所小学学生738人为干预组,另一所小学744人为对照组,对干预组进行为期2年的综合干预,前瞻性观察行为问题干预效果.结果:按CBCL的中国常模判断行为问题的标准,干预前符合此标准者干预组109人,检出阳性率为14.8%;对照组113人,检出阳性率为15.2%,两组比较差异无显著性(χ2=0.51,P>0.05).干预前两组家庭环境及父母对子女教育等情况比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05).经过对干预组进行2年综合干预后,对两组再重新进行问卷调查,评估干预效果.干预组儿童行为问题检出阳性率明显下降至8.8%,与干预前比较差异有非常显著性(χ2＝12.58,P<0.01).干预组在干预后父母关系、亲子关系、教育方式等方面均有明显改善,与干预前相比差异有显著性(P<0.05).对照组两年后儿童行为问题检出阳性率为14.1%,前后比较差异无显著性(χ2=0.33,P>0.05).结论:对小学生的行为问题早期进行综合性干预,有助于减少行为问题的发生.     

武汉市4～16岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍分型的调查分析

目的:了解武汉市4~16岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的流行病学情况。方法:对武汉市2188名4~16岁儿童进行注意及多动问题量表评分,该量表按照DSM-Ⅳ的ADHD诊断标准编写,并以DSM-Ⅳ标准对可疑患儿及其家长进行诊断性访谈,将ADHD患者分为注意缺陷为主型(ADHD-I)、多动-冲动为主型(ADHD-HI)和混合型(ADHD-C)。量表还包括Achenbach's儿童行为量表(父母用)和Conners教师量表。结果:(1)ADHD患病率13.58%,其中ADHD-C型2.63%,ADHD-I型8.27%,ADHD-HI型2.68%;男童患病率18.58%,女童患病率8.78%,男女患病率之比为2.12:1。(2)不同年龄段ADHD的患病率差异有显著性,4~5岁组15.88%,6~11岁组15.85%,12~16岁组9.98%。随着年龄的增加,ADHD的患病率呈下降趋势,尤其是ADHD-HI组患病率下降得更明显,但ADHD-I型却呈坡型上升,特别是6~11岁男性组发病比例高达12.19%:(3)ADHD儿童和正常儿童的社交能力有显著差异。(4)无论何种年龄段和性别,ADHD儿童的行为问题评分都高于正常儿童,而且随着年龄的增长,ADHD儿童的行为问题因子也增加。结论:在DSM-Ⅳ定义的三个表型中ADHD-I型患病率高,尤其是6~11岁男性组患病率最高,年龄和性别对表型分布有影响。     

Laterality of 40 Hz EEG and EMG During Cognitive Performance

Task-dependent lateralization of the 40 Hz EEG rhythm was investigated in 15 right-handed male adults during the performance of verbal analogy and geometric figure rotation tasks. Forty Hz EMG recorded from the temporal and splenius muscles was similarly examined. Results indicate that 40 Hz EEG is asymmetrically distributed during cognitive performance, varying as a function of cognitive processsing. The range of laterality scores also varied by condition, with the largest variation present during baseline conditions and smallest recorded during the presentation of the verbal analogies task, suggesting that individual cognitive styles tend to vary more during less structured situations. No relationship between 40 Hz EMG and task was obtained.     

Plasticity of the central nervous system—a neurosurgeon's experience of cerebral compensation and decompensation

Summary Cerebral plasticity constitutes one of the most decisive factors in recovery and readaptation after cerebral lesions. In contrast to the considerable progress in current studies on normal neuronal plasticity including the idea of l'homme neuronal, the concept of plasticity postulated by Albrecht Bethe in 1929 received little attention. The author, as a neurosurgeon, has tried to describe cranial morphological plasticity, morphological and functional plasticity in infantile encephalopathies and especially in hemiatrophic lesions. It is supposed that a true morphological substrate exists due to compensatory hyperplasia of the uninvolved hemisphere.Modern neurosurgical techniques have demonstrated that the functional plastic capacity is much larger than has been supposed, even in the elderly. Some aspects of the mechanisms of compensation and decompensation of cortical and subcortical structures as well as of the central regulation systems are discussed. The full extent of the amazing recovery and functional reorganization is reached by plastic capacity, personal motivation, adequate training and sufficient time.The contribution ends with an exposition of a personal philosophy concerning psycho-somatic dualism, the body-mind problem, the future of the human brain and the ethical outlook, based on the progressive biological evolution of the basal neocortex and the immanent functional development (H. Spatz).In grateful memory of my paternal friends, the great German brain researchers Julius Hallervorden (1882–1965) and Hugo Spatz (1888–1969).     

遗尿儿童和青少年情绪和行为问题及相关因素研究

目的 调查河南省儿童青少年遗尿症的情绪和行为问题的现况及其影响因素。 方法 从2019年10月—2020年3月,采用分层随机整群抽样方法抽取河南某县5所中小学校,采用一般资料调查表、长处和困难问卷及儿童睡眠调查表进行调查,对影响遗尿患儿情绪和行为的因素进行单因素、多因素分析。 结果 实际发放问卷4 500份,回收4 120份,有效问卷3 912份,有效回收率为94.95%。调查结果显示有7.82%儿童患有遗尿症。遗尿组的情绪症状、多动和困难总分得分明显高于正常组(P＜0.001),两组品行问题、同伴交往和社会行为得分的比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,遗尿儿童和青少年的困难总分与打鼾、夜间呼吸问题、嗜睡、注意力缺陷、睡眠总分均存在正相关关系(P＜0.05)。多元线性回归结果显示睡眠呼吸紊乱、照顾者文化程度低、便秘、学习成绩较差是遗尿患儿情绪和行为问题的影响因素。 结论 遗尿患儿情绪和行为问题的检出率高,影响因素是睡眠呼吸紊乱、照顾者文化程度低、孩子学习成绩差、便秘,应引起关注。     

父母社会经济地位与儿童问题行为的关系:父母生育年龄的中介作用

目的 探讨父母生育年龄对父母社会经济地位与儿童问题行为的中介作用。方法 采取分层整群抽样方法,选取蚌埠市2所幼儿园和2所小学的1-3年级共834名儿童及其父母为研究对象进行问卷调查。儿童的问题行为通过长处和困难问卷进行评估,父母社会经济地位通过社会经济地位量表进行评估。采用多元线性回归和Bootstrap法构建并检验父母生育年龄对父母社会经济地位与儿童问题行为的中介效应。结果 母亲的社会经济地位(β=-0.109,P=0.003)和生育年龄(β=-0.096,P=0.007)均与儿童多动-注意不能呈负相关,母亲社会经济地位与母亲生育年龄则呈正相关(β=0.236,P<0.001)。母亲生育年龄对母亲社会经济地位和儿童多动-注意不能的部分中介效应为-0.059 (95%CI:-0.110--0.018,P=0.007)。结论 较高的母亲社会经济地位可以减少儿童多动-注意不能的发生。父母在努力提高家庭经济收入的同时,应努力提升自己的教养水平,注意儿童问题行为的发生。     

孕期参加孕妇学校改善父母D型人格对学龄前儿童行为问题的影响

目的 以学龄前儿童为研究对象,探讨父母D型人格（type D personality,TDP）与学龄前儿童行为问题的关系,以及母亲孕期参加孕妇学校对2者之间关系的影响,为开展学龄前儿童行为问题研究提供参考依据。方法 对深圳市龙华区2017年9月份新入幼儿园小班儿童进行横断面调查,采用一般情况问卷、Conners儿童行为问卷（父母用）、D型人格量表（DS14）收集儿童一般情况、儿童行为问题和父母TDP特征情况等资料。使用Logistic回归分析父母TDP与儿童行为问题的关系,并评价母亲孕期参加孕妇学校在2者关系中的中介作用。结果 本研究共发放17 245份问卷,纳入15 022份有效问卷,其中男童8 062名,女童6 960名,平均年龄为（3.54±0.35）岁。不同性别、父母亲学历、家庭月收入、父母婚姻状况对学龄前儿童行为问题的影响差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。二元Logistic回归分析显示,父母TDP与学龄前儿童的行为问题呈独立正相关,母亲孕期参加孕妇学校可改善父母TDP对学龄前儿童行为问题中的学习问题、冲动-多动与多动指数的影响。结论 母亲孕期参加孕妇学校教育可以改善父母TDP对学龄前儿童行为问题中的学习问题、冲动-多动和多动指数等3个维度的影响。     

双水止负压输液器的应用研究

为改进一次性输液器因回血量少 ,影响穿刺成功率。我们将输液器改装为双水止负压输液器 ,产生管内负压。经临床试验 ,负压组总回血长度 3 90 .4cm ,平均回血长度 8.76cm/例。对照组总回血长度 3 9.9cm ,平均回血长度 0 .89cm/例。经方差处理p <0 .0 0 1 ,有明显临床意义。其优点 :增加穿刺回血量 ,提高了穿刺成功率 ,减少病人的痛苦。操作简单易行 ,减少了中间环节 ,避免了污染的输液反应     

An inventory-location optimization model for equitable influenza vaccine distribution in developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic

The addition of other respiratory illnesses such as flu could cripple the healthcare system during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. An annual seasonal influenza vaccine is the best way to help protect against flu. Fears of coronavirus have intensified the shortage of influenza shots in developing countries that hope to vaccinate many populations to reduce stress on their health services. We present an inventory-location mixed-integer linear programming model for equitable influenza vaccine distribution in developing countries during the pandemic. The proposed model utilizes an equitable objective function to distribute vaccines to critical healthcare providers and first responders, elderly, pregnant women, and those with underlying health conditions. We present a case study in a developing country to exhibit efficacy and demonstrate the optimization model’s applicability.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of hamamelis distillate applied topically to the skin

Summary The anti-inflammatory activity of hamamelis distillate has been evaluated with respect to drug concentration (0.64 mg/2.56 mg hamamelis ketone/100 g) and the effect of the vehicle (O/W emulsion with/without phosphatidylcholine (PC) in an experimental study. The effects were compared with those of chamomile cream, hydrocortisone 1% cream and 4 base preparations. Erythema was induced by UV irradiation and cellophane tape stripping of the horny layer in 24 healthy subjects per test. Skin blanching was quantified by visual scoring and chromametry. Drug effects were compared with one another and with an untreated control area, as well as with any action due to the vehicle.UV-induced erythema at 24 h was suppressed by low dose hamamelis PC-cream and hydrocortisone cream. Hydrocortisone appeared superior to both hamamelis vehicles, hamamelis cream (without PC) and chamomile cream. The latter preparation was also less potent than hamamelis PC-cream. Erythema 4 to 8 h after the stripping of the horny layer was suppressed by hydrocortisone (P0.05). Inflammation was also less pronounced following low dose hamamelis PC-cream and chamomile cream. Hamamelis PC-cream, however, appeared less potent than hydrocortisone. In general, visual scoring was more discriminatory than chromametry.The results have demonstrated an anti-inflammatory activity of hamamelis distillate in a PC-containing vehicle. A fourfold increase of drug concentration, however, did not produce an increase in activity.