泌尿系腹腔镜手术并发症及其防治

目的：探讨泌尿系腹腔镜手术并发症的原因及防治措施方法：回顾性分析2003年9月～2007年9月间行经腹腔镜和经后腹腔镜泌尿系手术的883例患者临床资料,其中经腹腔组74例,经后腹腔组809例,并对其临床诊断、手术方式、手术路径、手术时间、并发症发生率、术后住院时间等情况进行统计学比较分析。结果：883例患者中,出现并发症85例,占9．6％,无死亡病例,其中经腹腔组出现并发症8例（10．8％）,经后腹腔组出现并发症77例（9．5％）,组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。经腹腔组平均手术时间（121±46）min,经后腹腔组平均手术时间（82±72）min,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。经腹腔组平均术后住院时间（6．5±3．1）天,经后腹腔组平均术后住院时间（5．8±2．2）天,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。按2003、2004、2005、2006、2007年度划分,手术并发症发生率分别为31．2％（10／32）、11％（16／145）、7．9％（20／252）、8．3％（22／265）、9．5％（17／]89）,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：经腹腔和经后腹腔镜手术并发症发生率无明显差异,经腹腔路径的平均手术时间、平均术后住院时间均长于经后腹腔路径,腹腔镜手术并发症总体发生率随手术开展时间的延长而降低。通过熟悉并发症的特点,采取妥善的应对措施,可以有效减少泌尿系后腹腔镜手术并发症的发生。     

Laparoscopic transperitoneal radical prostatectomy in renal transplant recipients: a review of the literature

OBJECTIVES

To report our experience with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) for the treatment of localized prostate carcinoma in two renal transplant recipients and a review of the literature.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively identified all patients who had undergone LRP for clinically localized prostate cancer between 2002 and 2008 at our institution (n = 1150). Of these patients, two were renal transplant recipients (one with donor renal transplant cadaver and the other with prior transplantectomy). We reviewed all available clinicopathological data and the scientific literature.

RESULTS

The two patients underwent successful LRP with no major complications. The mean (range) operative time was 200 (180–220) min with a mean estimated blood loss of 300 (200–400) mL. There were no changes in renal graft function as measured by serum creatinine level. At pathology, the surgical margins were negative and disease was organ‐confined in each case. The two patients tolerated the procedure well and had a mean (range) hospital stay of 3.5 (3–4) days.

CONCLUSIONS

The data from our two patients suggest that LRP, as an accepted minimally invasive treatment for a middle‐aged man with organ‐confined prostate cancer, is a technically feasible and safe treatment of localized prostate cancer in renal transplant recipients.     

The transport of phosphate between the plasma and dialysate compartments in peritoneal dialysis is influenced by an electric potential difference

Summary. Six kinetic models of transperitoneal phosphate transport were formulated and validated on the basis of experimental results obtained from 22 non-diabetic patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. The models were designed to elucidate the presence or absence of diffusive, non-lymphatic convective, and lymphatic convective phosphate transport. Calculations allowed for a 20% protein binding of phosphate. The validation procedure demonstrated that only diffusive and non-lymphatic convective phosphate transport mechanisms were identifiable. A lymphatic convective phosphate transport mechanism was not identifiable. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the electrochemical gradient between plasma water and dialysate favours the diffusive phosphate transport, and both electric and chemical potentials must be taken into account in calculations of the transperitoneal phosphate transport.     

Retroperitoneal Versus Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy：A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objective To review published literatures comparing the safety and effectiveness of retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RLPN) with transperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (TLPN) and provide reference for clinical work. Methods The search strategy was performed to identify relevant papers from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, China Hospital Knowledge Database, Wangfang Chinese Periodical Database, and VIP Chinese Periodical Database. All papers comparing RLPN with TLPN were included from 2000 to 2015.Two to three reviewers independently screened, evaluated, and extracted the included papers. A Meta-analysis was executed by using Review Manager 5.3 software. The interesting outcomes were tumor size, operating time, estimated blood loss, warm ischaemia time, length of hospital stay, positive margin rate, open conversion rate, overall complication rate, and recurrence rate. Results The literature search obtained 378 papers, then 10 of them were ultimately met the inclusion criteria and included in the systematic review. Finally, 6 of the 10 papers were included in the Meta-analysis. RLPN had significantly less operating time [P= 0.01, mean difference (MD)=-33.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) within (-60.35,-7.01)] and shorter length of hospital stay [P< 0.0001,MD=-1.47, 95%CI within (-2.18,-0.76)] than TLPN. Significant differences were not found between RLPN and TLPN in other outcomes. Conclusions RLPN may be equally safe and be faster than TLPN. Each center can choose a modality according to your own operating habits and experience.     

腹腔镜肾上腺切除术（经腹腔途径）的早期经验

目的：介绍腹腔镜下经腹腔途径肾上腺切除术的早期经验,包括手术技术、影响因素及并发症。方法：回顾性分析2002年2月～2006年12月收治的47例腹腔镜肾上腺切除手术资料。结果：46例成功完成腹腔镜手术,1例转为开放手术。1例右肾上腺术中失血量达到1800ml,1例左肾上腺手术中造成胰尾损伤。肿瘤体积较大者手术时间及术中失血量有增加的趋势。肿瘤的病理类型、手术方式（全切／部分切除）、患者既往腹部手术史、体重指数与手术及术后相关指标无明显相关性。结论：虽然腹腔镜肾上腺切除手术是微创手术方式,但也是高技术含量手术,尤其在开展此项技术的早期,有一定并发症的比例。     

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery in patients with serous endometrial cancer with transperitoneal spread (stage IV): a new preferred treatment?

Background:

To investigate the value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS), in endometrial cancer with transperitoneal spread (stage IV).

Methods:

Patients with endometrial cancer with transperitoneal spread, as determined by laparoscopy (±pleural effusion), were treated with NACT. Efficacy was determined according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, residual tumour at IDS and histopathological assessment of tumour regression.

Results:

A total of 30 patients (median age: 65 years; range:44–81 years) received 3–4 cycles of NACT (83% paclitaxel/carboplatin). Histopathological subtypes were as follows: serous (90%), clear cell (3%) and endometrioid (6%) carcinoma. Response according to RECIST was as follows: 2 (7%) complete remission, 20 (67%) partial remission, 6 (20%) stable disease and 2 (7%) progressive disease (PD). Patients with PD were not operated upon. A total of 24 patients (80%) had optimal cytoreduction (R ⩽1 cm), of whom 22 (92%) were without residual tumour. Four patients were considered inoperable and were excluded from further analysis. The median progression-free survival and overall survival times were 13 and 23 months, respectively.Histopathological features of chemoresponse in both uterus and omentum were related to a better PFS (P=0.017, hazard ratio (HR) =0.785) and overall survival (P=0.014, HR=0.707). In particular, the absence of tumour infiltration and necrosis were associated with prognosis.

Conclusion:

The use of NACT resulted in a high rate (80%) of optimal IDS for the treatment of endometrial cancer with transperitoneal spread.     

经后腹腔途径与经腹腔途径腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗肾门肿瘤的疗效比较

目的探讨经后腹腔途径与经腹腔途径腹腔镜下肾部分切除术治疗肾门肿瘤的疗效。方法将80例肾门肿瘤患者按手术入路方式不同分为经腹腔入路组(43例)和经后腹腔入路组(37例),比较两组患者手术相关指标、肾功能[血清肌酐(Cr)、肾小球滤过率(GFR)]、炎性因子[白细胞(WBC)、血清C反应蛋白(CRP)]、免疫功能[CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+]指标。随访1年,比较两组并发症及复发转移情况。结果经后腹腔入路组患者手术时间、术后肠道功能恢复时间、住院时间均明显短于经腹腔入路组(P﹤0.05);经腹腔入路组患者WBC、CRP均高于经后腹腔入路组,CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均低于经后腹腔入路组(P﹤0.05);两组患者Cr、GFR、并发症及复发转移情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。结论腹腔镜下经腹腔入路与经后腹腔入路肾部分切除术治疗肾门肿瘤患者均具有显著疗效,但相较于经腹腔入路,经后腹腔入路能够缩短手术时间,促进术后恢复进程,且具有免疫保护作用。     

经腹径路手术治疗膀胱阴道瘘的临床分析

目的:探讨经腹径路手术治疗膀胱阴道瘘的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析14例女性膀胱阴道瘘患者资料。患者平均年龄41.36岁。临床表现不同程度阴道漏尿,或伴血尿及膀胱刺激症状。膀胱镜检、膀胱尿道造影及CT三维重建术前确诊。先后行经腹径路膀胱阴道瘘修复手术,其中采取经膀胱径路9例,膀胱外径路5例。结果:14例术后随访9～103个月,平均46.26个月。2例术后出现再次膀胱阴道瘘,行二次修补手术后未再复发,1例出现切口感染,经对症处理后愈合,其余患者均未出现尿瘘复发及其他严重并发症。结论:经腹径路手术治疗膀胱阴道瘘,术中视野暴露充分,易于获取带蒂支持组织,尤其对于复杂性膀胱阴道瘘及合并输尿管等组织损伤可疑患者,是一种可行的手术治疗方式。     

Transperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: The Tuen Mun Hospital experience

Background: The technique of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was popularized after the report by a French group in 1998. The Tuen Mun Hospital started the program of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy since 2002 and the surgical technique has been evolving along a learning curve. Methods and results: We reviewed the transperitoneal approach of this procedure with emphasis on the variation of technique that the Tuen Mun Hospital has adopted. Conclusion: Although well described and standardized, the technique of transperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy is still evolving, as are many other surgical procedures. The exposure and development of different techniques allows the surgeons to be better equipped in catering for patients with different needs.