肱骨大结节上方的解剖分型及临床意义

目的 通过对肱骨大结节上面观的形态学分型,探讨其临床意义。 方法 将296例肩关节CT扫描图像根据大结节上面观形态进行分型,分别测量冈上肌、冈下肌和小圆肌肌腱在大结节上的止点长度,肩胛下肌肌腱在小结节上的止点长度,大结节最高点至肱骨头最高点的距离以及结节间沟的宽度和深度。 结果 肱骨大结节上面观形态可分为3型：弧形45.60%（135例）,平坦形44.26%（131例）,丘形10.14%（30例）。弧形的肱骨大结节,其冈上肌肌腱止点长度短于平坦形和丘形;丘形的肱骨大结节,其冈上肌肌腱在大结节上的止点长度、肩胛下肌肌腱在小结节上的止点长度、结节间沟的宽度和深度均短于弧形和平坦形;丘形的大结节最高点至肱骨头最高点的距离大于弧形和平坦形,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其他解剖学形态差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 不同分型的肱骨大结节上面观对临床肱骨大结节相关疾病诊治有一定的指导意义。     

Canine cruciate ligament ruptures: Implications for financial costs and human health

The cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in dogs is homologous to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in humans. Factors that place an individual at-risk for noncontact ruptures are not clearly defined in humans or dogs. Cyclic variation in human females as well as early spay/neuter in canines has frequently implicated hormonal variation, however these factors do not fully explain the human dimorphic or canine breed rupture rates. The present study examined dogs as a proxy model for humans to better understand the covariance. A random clinical data sample from the Oklahoma State University Veterinary Hospital was obtained on (n = 29) CCL surgical cases and nonsurgical (n = 28) controls. A statistical test for association of spay/neuter with CCL rupture was significant (chi-square = 21.7, p < .01). Sex balance between the groups was not significantly (p > .01) different. Data on other variables related to morphometric variability such as the tibial plateau angle was not available on the nonsurgical sample and comparisons could only be made to values from the literature. Though there may have been sample bias, this preliminary study found that more large than small dogs were represented in the surgical sample. Our results also support the claim that spayed/neutered dogs are more likely to rupture their CCL than intact dogs. Given the high costs of surgical repair, both for canines and humans, we argue for multivariate studies that investigate the interaction of variables in a larger subject sample which can provide comparable data on all parameters.     

闭合复位带锁髓内针内固定治疗闭合型胫骨中下段骨折分析

目的探讨闭合复位带锁髓内针在治疗闭合型胫骨中下段骨折与传统切开复位钢板固定各自的优缺点。方法笔者将2009年1月~2012年12月3年收治的符合胫骨中下段A42 1~3型及部分B42 1~3型骨折患者50例,随机分为两组:传统组(25例)采用切开复位(DCP或LCDCP)钢板固定手术方式,比较组(25例)采用闭合复位带锁髓内针固定术式,随访期限为16个月,比较两组平均住院天数、平均住院费用、术后患者疼痛程度、手术平均操作时间、术后并发症发生率及骨性愈合周期。结果闭合复位带锁髓内针固定在治疗周期、术后疼痛指数、治疗费用上明显占优势。治疗效果:传统组2例出现伤口红肿,1例经治疗后好转,1例出现伤口感染、骨外露,后期采取局部皮瓣转移修复后康复,1例骨折延迟愈合,二次手术植骨治疗后康复;比较组未出现伤口问题,1例因内固定位置不良,二次手术矫正后康复,并发症及骨折愈合周期均低于传统组,结果具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论闭合复位带锁髓内针在治疗闭合型胫骨中下段骨折方面具有良好的临床治疗效果,治疗费用相对较低,适于基层医院广泛应用。     

前外侧锁定钢板固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折临床分析

目的对比分析前外侧入路和后外侧入路锁定钢板固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折的临床疗效。方法笔者选取2011年1月~2014年4月收治的胫骨平台后外侧骨折患者80例,分为前外侧入路切开复位内固定组(前外侧组)和后外侧入路切开复位内固定组(后外侧组)。前外侧组40例,Schatzker分型:Ⅳ型9例,Ⅴ型22例,Ⅵ型9例;后外侧组40例,Schatzker分型:Ⅳ型10例,Ⅴ型20例,Ⅵ型10例。对比两组患者手术前后的胫骨平台内翻角(TPA)、后倾角(PA)、膝关节活动度和美国纽约特种外科医院(HSS)评分。同时对比两组患者术后临床疗效。结果两组患者术后的TPA、内侧PA和外侧PA均显著低于术前(P0.05);前外侧组术后的TPA、内侧PA和外侧PA均显著低于后外侧组(P0.05)。两组患者术后的膝关节屈曲度、膝关节伸直度和HSS评分均显著高于治疗前(P0.05);前外侧组术后的膝关节屈曲度、膝关节伸直度和HSS评分均显著高于后外侧组(P0.05)。前外侧组的优良率显著高于后外侧组,χ2=4.0897,P=0.04310.05。结论前外侧入路锁定钢板固定治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折可以保护后外侧骨折块,取得良好的临床疗效。     

From guidelines to standards of care for open tibial fractures

IntroductionThe standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb published by the British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic surgeons (BAPRAS) and British Orthopaedic Association (BOA) were introduced to improve the treatment received by patients after open injury to the lower limb. These Standards were released after BAPRAS/BOA published Guidelines for the management of open tibial fractures.MethodsWe wished to determine the impact of these Standards upon the surgical management of open tibial fractures by comparing patients admitted to an orthoplastic centre in the 45 months concluding December 2009 (the Guidelines era) with those admitted during 2011 (the Standards era). Surgical procedures required during the first 30 days and 12 months after injury were determined. Cases were divided into ‘directly admitted patients’ (DAP) and ‘transferred patients’ (TP). Standards-era patients were divided further into those who had surgery exclusively at the orthoplastic centre (orthoplastic patients (OPP)) and those transferred after surgery (TASP).ResultsThe number of TP trebled in frequency in the Standards era, 25% of whom were transferred before surgery. Significantly fewer surgical procedures were required for DAP and OPP groups compared with TP (and TASP) groups in both eras (Mann–Whitney U-test, p=0.05). DAP and OPP groups during the Standards era underwent the fewest procedures, with the vast majority of cases treated with two or fewer procedures in the first 12 months (88% and 80%, respectively, compared with 61% in the Guidelines era). In the Guidelines era, 44% of TP cases and in the Standards era 39% of TP and 29% of TASP groups underwent two or fewer procedures.Approximately two-thirds of open tibial fractures managed in our orthoplastic centre were patients transferred after surgery. The greatest impact of the Standards was evident for those who underwent surgery exclusively in the orthoplastic centre, reflecting a more deliberate combined strategy.ConclusionThese findings vindicate the Standards as well as mandating reorganisation and resourcing of orthoplastic services to ensure immediate transfer and early combined surgery. By increasing the capacity to deal with time-dependent initial surgery, the surgical burden that the patient must endure, and which the service must provide, are reduced.     

改良后外侧入路治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折23例

目的探讨改良后外侧入路治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折的临床疗效。方法对23例胫骨平台后外侧骨折患者行后外侧入路行支撑钢板内固定治疗。结果 23例均获随访,时间8~19个月。骨折均愈合,愈合时间9~16周。HSS膝关节评分67~96分。结论改良后外侧入路手术治疗胫骨平台后外侧骨折,有利于骨折的复位和固定,具有暴露清楚、内固定安放方便、创伤小及临床疗效好等优点。     

弹性髓内钉治疗儿童胫骨干骨折

2010年3月～2013年4月,我院应用弹性髓内钉（elastic stable intramedul-lary nailing,ESIN）治疗35例儿童胫骨干骨折患儿,疗效满意,报道如下。     

髓内钉治疗慢性感染性胫骨平台骨折不愈的疗效及其对膝关节功能和炎症反应的影响

目的比较髓内钉和金属接骨板内固定治疗慢性感染性胫骨平台骨折不愈的疗效及其对膝关节功能和炎症反应的影响。 方法选择慢性感染性胫骨平台骨折不愈患者90例,根据手术方式不同分为研究组和对照组,每组45例。研究组予以髓内钉治疗,对照组予以金属接骨板内固定。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、创面愈合时间、住院时间、骨折愈合时间、完全负重时间和并发症发生率。术后1 d和术后3个月比较2组骨痂生长评分、膝关节功能评分、伸膝最大角度和屈膝最大角度,术后1 d和术后2周比较2组血清高敏C反应蛋白（high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hs-CRP）、白细胞介素6（interleukin-6,IL-6）、白细胞介素8（interleukin-8,IL-8）和肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）水平。 结果研究组手术时间、术中出血量、创面愈合时间、住院时间、骨折愈合时间和完全负重时间明显短于或少于对照组（P＜0.01）。术后3个月,2组骨痂生长评分、膝关节功能评分、伸膝最大角度和屈膝最大角度均明显高于术后 1 d,研究组骨痂生长评分、膝关节功能评分、伸膝最大角度和屈膝最大角度高于对照组（P＜0.01）。术后2周,2组血清hs-CRP、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α水平均明显低于术后1 d,研究组血清hs-CRP、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α水平均低于对照组（P＜0.01）。研究组并发症发生率低于对照组（P＜0.05）。 结论髓内钉治疗慢性感染性胫骨平台骨折不愈疗效显著、创伤小、血供破坏少,有利于促进术后膝关节功能恢复和控制炎症。