分化型甲状腺癌治疗后TgAb变化趋势及其影响因素

目的 探讨分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)中甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)阳性(＞115 U/ml)患者在手术及¹³¹I治疗后TgAb的变化趋势及其影响因素。方法 纳入118例TgAb阳性患者,分析其手术前、¹³¹I治疗前、¹³¹I治疗后中位随访2.3个月及5.2个月相应时间点TgAb的变化。采用多元线性回归(MLR)观察患者¹³¹I治疗后TgAb下降＞50%所需时间(T₅₀)的影响因素。结果 与前一时间点的TgAb相比,经手术、¹³¹I治疗后中位随访2.3个月和5.2个月TgAb均明显下降(P均=0.000),各阶段降幅＞50%者分别占28.6%、33.3%和37.2%,TgAb转阴率分别为23.4%、48.9%和62.8%。MLR显示,T₅₀仅与¹³¹I治疗距手术时间(B=1.125,P=0.000)有关。结论 手术及¹³¹I治疗可明显降低TgAb阳性DTC患者的TgAb水平。¹³¹I治疗距手术时间对TgAb下降速度有显著影响,术后尽快行¹³¹I治疗有助于TgAb的下降。     

The effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid men with autoimmune thyroiditis and testosterone deficiency

BackgroundAutoimmune (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) is characterized by a strong female preponderance, which may suggest that sex hormones have an impact on thyroid autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether testosterone determines vitamin D action on thyroid antibody titers and thyroid function tests in men with autoimmune thyroiditis and low testosterone levels.MethodsThe study included 36 men with testosterone deficiency, 17 of whom had been treated for at least 26 weeks with oral testosterone undecanoate (120 mg daily). Because of coexistent euthyroid Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, all participants were then treated with vitamin D (100 μg daily). Serum titers of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies, serum levels of thyrotropin, free thyroid hormones, testosterone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, as well as Jostel’s thyrotropin index, SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD were assessed before vitamin D treatment and 26 weeks later.ResultsWith the exception of testosterone levels, there were no significant differences between both study groups in serum hormone levels, antibody titers and thyroid function tests. All participants completed the study. In addition to increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, vitamin D increased SPINA-GT and reduced thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibody titers. In testosterone-treated men, vitamin D increased testosterone levels. Vitamin D did not affect serum levels of thyrotropin, free thyroid hormones, Jostel’s thyrotropin index and SPINA-GD. Treatment-induced changes in thyroid antibody titers and SPINA-GT were more pronounced in testosterone-treated than testosterone-naïve men.ConclusionsThe obtained results suggest that the beneficial effect on thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid secretory function is stronger in men receiving testosterone therapy.     

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: TGAb,TPOAb, TRAb and recovery from hypothyroidism

Hashimoto described four patients with goiter. The histology of the goiter was characterized by diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, fibrosis and epithelial cell destruction. Thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) have been used to diagnose Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Patients with positive TGAb and/or TPOAb have been assumed to have Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Approximately 10% of those with positive TGAb and/or TPOAb have hypothyroidism. There are two types of autoimmune thyroiditis: goitrous Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and atrophic thyroiditis. The latter patients have blocking antibody (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]-stimulation blocking antibody [TSBAb]). TSBAb is a TSH-receptor antibody (TRAb). TSBAb causes thyroid atrophy and hypothyroidism. TGAb and/or TPOAb do not necessarily cause hypothyroidism. Hypothyroid patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis usually receive life-long l-thyroxine therapy. However, spontaneous recovery from hypothyroidism has been reported. Patients who had Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism and then Graves’ hyperthyroidism (and vice versa), have also been reported. Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism and Graves’ hyperthyroidism could be the opposite spectrums of one disease.     

Cytopathologic characteristics of the primary strumal carcinoid tumor of the ovary: A case report with emphasis on differential diagnostic considerations

Primary strumal carcinoid tumor of the ovary (SCTO) is an extremely rare entity, though the survival rate is excellent if the disease is confined to one ovary. A case is presented here in which intraoperative squash smears in a 45‐year‐old woman with a left adnexal mass revealed dispersed or small clusters of neoplastic cells forming loosely cohesive gland‐like structures with abundant cytoplasm. The nuclear chromatin was finely granular with a “salt and pepper” appearance and occasional tiny nucleoli. The position of the nucleus presented a vaguely plasmacytoid appearance. Small fragments of thyroidal colloid‐like structures were also identified. A cytopathologic diagnosis of a SCTO was suggested. Further evaluation and immunohistochemical studies were conducted on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded material. Cords or nests of uniform cells with abundant cytoplasm, and eccentric nuclei with coarse chromatin and occasional colloidal tissue were identified on H&E sections. The tumor cells showed diffuse and strong cytoplasmic staining for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56, and vimentin but were negative for calretinin, α‐inhibin or CDX2. The proliferative index with MIB‐1 was around 3%. Thyroidal colloid‐like structures were immunoreactive for thyroglobulin and TTF‐1 stains. The diagnosis of primary SCTO was confirmed based on cytopathologic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical results, and the location of the tumor. Awareness of the cytopathological findings of SCTO can assist in diagnosing this rare entity correctly. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:812–816. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Localization of cloned human DNA sequences and analysis of chromosomal alteration by in situ hybridization

Abstract: The in situ hybridization technique was used for the localization on human chromosomes of single-copy and repeated sequences and, in addition, for the characterization of altered human chromosomes. Two anonymous clones, single or low-copy, obtained from a human X chromosome library were localized on the distal part of the long arm and in the paracentromeric region of X chromosome, respectively. A genomic fragment of the single-copy thyroglobulin (TG) gene was used to confirm the localization on the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 8. The localization and distribution on human chromosomes of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) multigene family obtained by in situ hybridization and by somatic cell hybrids were compared. A phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) c-DNA clone, which detects genic and pseudogenic sequences on the X chromosome, was used for the characterization of three small ring markers present in unrelated female patients.     

IgE and IgG Anti-Thyroid Autoantibodies in Chinese Patients With Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria and a Literature Review

Immunoglobulin (Ig) E and IgG anti-thyroid autoantibodies (AAbs) play important roles in the immunopathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). To date, association of IgE and IgG AAbs with Chinese CSU patients has not been fully investigated. We aimed to explore prevalence rates of IgE and IgG AAbs in Chinese CSU patients and their association with clinical and laboratory parameters. Serum IgE and IgG AAbs against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG), total IgE (tIgE) and specific IgEs were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay and immunoblotting. Meta-analyses and literature review were conducted. The meta-analyses indicated that CSU cases were 4.98, 6.90 and 6.68 times more likely to have positive anti-TPO IgE, anti-TPO IgG and anti-TG IgG (all P < 0.001) compared with controls, respectively, and revealed a positive correlation between the prevalence rates of anti-TPO IgE and anti-TPO IgG (r = 0.53, P = 0.025). A total of 1,100 Chinese Han adult CSU patients and 1,100 ethnicity-, age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited from 15 centers. Prevalence rates of anti-TPO IgE, anti-TPO IgG, anti-TG IgE or anti-TG IgG in the patients were all significantly higher than those in the controls. Significant correlations were observed between prevalence rates of anti-TPO IgE and anti-TPO IgG (r = 0.297, P < 0.001) as well as between those of anti-TG IgE and anti-TG IgG in the patients (r = 0.137, P < 0.001). Patients with anti-TPO IgE or anti-TPO IgG had significantly lower tIgE levels (P < 0.001). Positive anti-TPO IgE, positive anti-TPO IgG and tIgE < 40 IU/mL were independent predictors of antihistamine-refractory cases. In conclusion, the prevalence rates of IgE and IgG AAbs in Chinese CSU patients are significantly elevated and reciprocally correlated. This study verifies the results of previous case-control studies of CSU patients from other populations and ethnicities.     

不同碘摄入量地区甲状腺自身抗体的流行病学五年随访研究

目的 利用不同碘摄入量的3个农村社区甲状腺疾病的流行病学随访研究资料，探讨甲状腺功能正常人群甲状腺自身抗体发生和转归的规律和意义，以及环境因素碘对其的影响。方法 1999年本研究组对轻度碘缺乏、超足量碘摄入和过量碘摄人的盘山、彰武和黄骅3个社区进行了甲状腺疾病的流行病学研究，2004年再次对同一人群进行了随访研究，前后采用同样方法采血清测定TSH、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPPOAb）、甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TgAb）和甲状腺球蛋白（Tg）水平，采尿样测定尿碘浓度及行甲状腺B超检查。结果 （1）初访时TSH正常人群5年后TPOAb的阳性率在彰武社区较前升高，TgAb的阳性率在黄骅社区较前升高（均P〈0．05）。（2）初访时TSH正常但TPOAb或TgAb阳性者多维持抗体阳性，且抗体水平越高随访抗体阳性维持率越高。（3）随访发现1999年TPOAb和（或）TgAb阳性者较抗体阴性者更易发生甲状腺功能异常（P〈0．01），黄骅和彰武社区的抗体阳性者5年随访发生甲状腺功能减低的比率显著高于盘山社区，以黄骅社区最高（P〈0．05）。（4）彰武社区TPOAb阳性的5年累积发生率在3个社区中最高。黄骅社区TgAb阳性的5年累积发生率在3个社区中最高，与盘山相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 甲状腺自身抗体阳性者发生甲状腺功能异常的比率显著高于抗体阴性者，而碘摄人量增加能增加抗体阳性者发生甲减的危险性。持续处于过量碘摄人状态使甲状腺自身抗体阳性的发生率增加。