基于半结构深度访谈法探讨中医临床研究的方案优化

本文旨在探讨在中医临床研究中应用定性研究深度访谈法的基本步骤、规范以及数据分析,通过应用范例为中医临床研究的方案优化决策提供相关依据。运用半结构深度访谈法对8个对象进行预备访谈,并在其基础上对12个对象进行正式访谈,然后转录成逐字稿分类存档。采用扎根理论对个案进行整理和分析。在个案分析的基础上,进行跨个案综合分析。通过范例研究中的正式访谈分析得出3对关系、3种被优化的态度以及3个关注方面,最终建构出9个围绕方案优化的研究者反应模式概念分析图。本研究以国家大型课题的部分研究者为研究对象,按照目前国际上定性研究比较成熟的访谈法研究程序对12个研究对象进行深度访谈,并将访谈所获数据进行全面而严谨的分析,构建了以围绕方案优化为核心的研究者反应理论模式。通过范例研究的探索,为将来中医临床研究领域里引入定性研究深度访谈法奠定了相关基础。     

临床教学结合基础医学理论在临床实习阶段的实践策略探讨

目的在临床实习阶段努力做到临床教学结合基础理论。方法在实习阶段的临床教学中要认识基础理论的重要性,发挥教师的自身带教优势,采用多种教学方法：如PBL以问题为中心的教学法;并组织临床症状辨证分析;培养标准化病人的实践教学;同时结合多媒体教学等。结果多种教学实践可以加强临床教学和基础理论在临床实习阶段的紧密结合,为将来的临床科研打下坚实的基础。结论在临床实习阶段临床教学需结合基础学科理论。     

Food and eating as social practice – understanding eating patterns as social phenomena and implications for public health

Globally, public health agencies recognise obesity trends among populations as a priority. Explanations for population obesity patterns are linked to obesogenic environments and societal trends which encourage patterns of overeating and little physical activity. However, obesity prevention and nutrition intervention focus predominantly on changing individual level eating behaviours. Disappointingly, behaviour‐based nutrition education approaches to changing population eating patterns have met with limited success. Sociological perspectives propose that underlying social relations can help explain collective food and eating patterns, and suggest an analysis of the sociocultural context for understanding population eating patterns. We propose a theoretical framework for the examination of eating patterns as social phenomena. Giddens’ structuration theory, in particular his concept of social practices understood as an interplay of ‘agency’ and ‘social structure’ (rules and resources), is used to study food choice patterns. We discuss the application of these concepts for understanding routine food choice practices of families, elaborating how rules and resources configure the enabling or constraining conditions under which actors make food choices. The framework assists in characterising how social structural properties are integral to food choice practices, and could direct attention to these when considering nutrition interventions aimed at changing population eating patterns.     

Examining the Lives of Navajo Native American Teenage Mothers in Context: A 12‐ to 15‐Year Follow‐Up

In 1992 and 1995, data were collected from 29 Navajo, reservation‐residing teenage mothers. In 2007, follow‐up data from 69% (n= 20) of the original sample were collected. Intensive interviews, grounded in ecological systems theory ( U. Bronfenbrenner, 1989 ), allowed for contextual examination of the women’s developmental trajectories. Significant educational accomplishments and a strong work ethic (i.e., individual level) exemplified the majority of respondents. Relationships with families of origin and intimate partners (i.e., microsystems) and connections between these (i.e., mesosystems) promoted and challenged participants’ optimal development and were significantly influenced by macrosystem factors (e.g., economic constraints, physical isolation). Implications for service provision and continued research are discussed.     

Intergroup communication between hospital doctors: Implications for quality of patient care

Hospitals involve a complex socio-technical health system, where communication failures influence the quality of patient care. Research indicates the importance of social identity and intergroup relationships articulated through power, control, status and competition. This study focused on interspecialty communication among doctors for patients requiring the involvement of multiple specialist departments. The paper reports on an interview study in Australia, framed by social identity and communication accommodation theories of doctors' experiences of managing such patients, to explore the impact of communication. Interviews were undertaken with 45 doctors working in a large metropolitan hospital, and were analysed using Leximancer (text mining software) and interpretation of major themes. Findings indicated that intergroup conflict is a central influence on communication. Contested responsibilities emerged from a model of care driven by single-specialty ownership of the patient, with doctors allowed to evade responsibility for patients over whom they had no sense of ownership. Counter-accommodative communication, particularly involving interpersonal control, appeared as important for reinforcing social identity and winning conflicts. Strategies to resolve intergroup conflict must address structural issues generating an intergroup climate and evoke interpersonal salience to moderate their effect.     

Women's health theorizing: a call for epistemic action

The women's health community is challenged by global social and economic pressures. In order to ensure the salience of their empirical and theoretical research, women's health researchers are struggling with an analysis of what has successfully typified women's health and a critical awareness of the pressures that will mark its future. For many researchers, this has provoked a quest for new women's health paradigms to inform and spur action regarding the future of women's health. Re-theorizing women's health cannot be successful in the absence of an analysis of the epistemological orientation of women's health research. However, little has been done to examine these epistemological roots. This paper examines the historic epistemological foundation of women's health research in order to facilitate an understanding of the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of women's health. This review is intended to guide future epistemic action necessary to advance the field of women's health research and highlight current efforts that may support work in this field.     

Development of physical and mental health summary scores from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) global items

Background  The use of global health items permits an efficient way of gathering general perceptions of health. These items provide useful summary information about health and are predictive of health care utilization and subsequent mortality. Methods  Analyses of 10 self-reported global health items obtained from an internet survey as part of the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) project. We derived summary scores from the global health items. We estimated the associations of the summary scores with the EQ-5D index score and the PROMIS physical function, pain, fatigue, emotional distress, and social health domain scores. Results  Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a two-factor model. Global physical health (GPH; 4 items on overall physical health, physical function, pain, and fatigue) and global mental health (GMH; 4 items on quality of life, mental health, satisfaction with social activities, and emotional problems) scales were created. The scales had internal consistency reliability coefficients of 0.81 and 0.86, respectively. GPH correlated more strongly with the EQ-5D than did GMH (r = 0.76 vs. 0.59). GPH correlated most strongly with pain impact (r = −0.75) whereas GMH correlated most strongly with depressive symptoms (r = −0.71). Conclusions  Two dimensions representing physical and mental health underlie the global health items in PROMIS. These global health scales can be used to efficiently summarize physical and mental health in patient-reported outcome studies.     

上海市虹口区离退休及低保妇女参与宫颈癌筛查相关因素研究

目的:了解影响社区妇女参与宫颈癌筛查的主要相关因素,为有效的干预提供基础。方法:采用自我效能量表和自行设计的知识态度及影响因素调查问卷,对上海市虹口区502例离退休及低保妇女进行问卷调查。问卷内容根据社会认知理论模型设计。结果:83.9%的调查对象曾经参与宫颈癌筛查,其中46.5%(所有调查对象中的39.0%)在3年内参加过宫颈癌筛查,多因素分析显示影响妇女曾经参与宫颈癌筛查的因素有:单位组织筛查、婚姻状况、医生推荐、周围人影响,且均为正向影响因素;而影响妇女3年内参与宫颈癌筛查的因素有:文化程度、社区组织筛查、离退休年数、医生推荐、宫颈癌及筛查相关知识、自我效能,这些影响除离退休年数为负向,其他均为正向相关因素。结论:上海市虹口区妇女3年内参与宫颈癌筛查率较低,应采取健康教育、提高妇女自我效能、提高医生对宫颈癌筛查的认识、提供免费筛查服务等多方面措施。在健康教育时应特别关注绝经后妇女,鼓励妇女家人同时参加。     

社区公共卫生服务界定的理论原则与方法步骤研究

社区公共卫生服务项目和内容的界定,是社区卫生工作者开展工作、政府确定经费投入标准以及对卫生人员的工作进行绩效考评等工作的前提。文章试在总结分析既往对社区公共卫生服务界定的理论原则的基础上,从明确当地主要卫生问题、建立服务项目库、对各项目进行初步分类、参考指标的计算、确定公共卫生服务项目和项目评价基础上的反馈调节等6个方面阐述了确定社区公共卫生服务项目的步骤及应用的方法。     

基于DS证据理论的大型医疗设备购置决策方法

提出了医院在采购大型医疗设备时的科学决策问题。利用证据决策理论中的Dempster融合法,根据专家对备选大型医疗设备基于技术性能、价格、维护成本、配套程度、经济效益和质量等因素的评判情况,确定基本概率分配函数、计算信度函数,获得了各备选设备的一个优势关系,从而为大型医疗设备购置的科学决策提供帮助。