沙利度胺的研究及临床应用新进展

沙利度胺及其衍生物来那度胺在治疗骨髓瘤及骨髓增生异常综合征方面有着确切的疗效,已经通过了美国FDA的审批。近年来,沙利度胺在治疗实体瘤、血液恶性肿瘤以及其他炎性疾病方面的研究层出不穷。本文以近2年来国内外有关沙利度胺研究的最新文献报道为基础,对沙利度胺在临床前及临床方面研究的最新进展进行了综述。     

Protective effect of pentoxifylline plus thalidomide against septic shock in mice

Mortality caused by septic shock in experimental animals is reduced by thalidomide, an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor alpha. Another drug that could act on the pathophysiological mechanisms of septic shock is pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of platelet aggregation that increases the flexibility of the erythrocyte membrane and has fibrinolytic activity. We studied the effect of pentoxifylline alone and combined with thalidomide in septic shock; 97 NIH mice were injected with lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella abortus equi and D galactosamine. Animals were separated in 4 groups; group A (n = 20) was used as control, group B (n = 15) received thalidomide 50 mg/kg, group C (n = 20) received pentoxifylline 40 mg/kg, and group D (n = 15) received thalidomide plus pentoxifylline. Mortality was recorded every hour. Additionally, 5 animals from each group were sacrificed 8 h after the induction of septic shock for histological analysis of heart, lung, brain, kidney, small intestine, adrenal glands and liver. Microscopic findings were rated as absent, mild, moderate and severe damage. In control animals histological analysis showed intense haemorrhage and necrosis in all organs studied. When compared with controls, treatment with pentoxifylline plus thalidomide reduced mortality (P < 0.03). The tissue damage was less severe in animals from the groups that received pentoxifylline or pentoxifylline plus thalidomide (P < 0.05). Pentoxifylline seems to potentiate the beneficial effects of thalidomide, reducing mortality and attenuating the pathological changes produced by septic shock.     

19F NMR in vivo spectroscopy reflects the effectiveness of perfusion-enhancing vascular modifiers for improving gemcitabine chemotherapy.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of fluorine-19 ((19)F NMR) has proven useful for evaluating kinetics of fluorinated chemotherapy drugs in tumors in vivo. This work investigated how three perfusion-enhancing vascular modifiers (BQ123, thalidomide, and Botulinum neurotoxin type A [BoNT-A]) would affect the chemotherapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine, a fluorinated drug widely used in human cancer treatment. Murine tumor growth experiments demonstrated that only BoNT-A showed a strong trend to enhance tumor growth inhibition by gemcitabine (1.7 days growth delay, P = 0.052, Student t-test). In accord with these results, (19)F NMR experiments showed that only BoNT-A increased significantly the uptake of gemcitabine in tumors (50% increase, P = 0.0008, Student t-test). Further experiments on gemcitabine kinetics (NMR vs time) and distribution ((19)F MRI) confirmed the uptake-enhancing properties of BoNT-A. The results of this study demonstrate that (19)F NMR can monitor modulation of the pharmacokinetics of fluorinated chemotherapy drugs in tumors. The results also show that (19)F NMR data can give a strong indication of the effectiveness of perfusion-enhancing vascular modifiers for improving gemcitabine chemotherapy in murine tumors. (19)F NMR is a promising tool for preclinical evaluation of such vascular modifiers and may ultimately be used in the clinic to monitor how these modifiers affect chemotherapy.     

MA方案联合小剂量反应停治疗难治复发性急性髓细胞性白血病15例

[目的]探讨难治复发性急性髓细胞性白血病有效治疗方法。[方法]应用MA方案联合小剂量反应停治疗难治复发急性髓细胞白血病共15例。[结果]1个疗程有效率60%,未缓解并死于感染2例(13.3%),2个疗程总33.3%,总有效率80%。[结论]应用MA方案联合小剂量反应停治疗难治复发急性髓细胞白血病临床有效。     

沙利度胺联合甲氨蝶呤对关节炎大鼠炎症及细胞因子的影响

目的：研究沙利度胺联合甲氨蝶呤对大鼠Ⅱ型胶原诱导型关节炎症及细胞因子的影响。方法：建立类风湿性关节炎大鼠模型,自造模次日治疗组分别给予沙利度胺（150mg·kg^-1·d^-1）联合甲氨蝶呤（0．2mg·kg^-1·d^-1）和甲氨蝶呤（0．2mg·kg^-1·d^-1）单用,疗程均为6周。各组大鼠每周进行一次关节炎指数（AI）评分,于造模第6周取血清进行Western Blot检测大鼠体内IL-1β、TNF-α的表达并计算相对含量。结果：沙利度胺联合甲氨蝶呤、单用甲氨蝶呤均能降低模型大鼠AI评分,沙利度胺联合甲氨蝶呤作用强于单独使用甲氨蝶呤,使AI评分明显下降。沙利度胺联合甲氨蝶呤、甲氨蝶呤均可抑制IL-1β、TNF-α的表达,治疗后两种因子表达均与模型组有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,但仍不能达到正常水平（P〈0．05）。结论：沙利度胺联合甲氨蝶呤可能通过抑制IL-1β、TNF-α的表达而达到抗关节炎症的作用,沙利度胺与甲氨蝶呤有协同作用。     

Monotherapy with low-dose thalidomide for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: better response rate with earlier treatment

BACKGROUND: Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug used in the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM). The optimal dosing regimen of thalidomide is not known. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the overall response rate and response duration of 53 patients with relapsed MM who received thalidomide in a median dose of 100 mg daily. The aim of the study was to compare the response rates of thalidomide given as the second-line treatment to those of thalidomide given as the third-line therapy. RESULTS: Of 33 patients receiving thalidomide as second line, 13 (39%) had overall treatment response. Of 20 patients treated with thalidomide monotherapy as the third-line treatment, there were three treatment responses (15%) (P = 0.039). The median duration of treatment response in the second-line thalidomide group (12 months, range 6-60 months) was twice as long as that in the third-line thalidomide group (6 months, range 3-57 months), although the difference was not statistically significant, probably due to low number of patients. Only 6% of patients (3/53) had to stop the treatment because of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Monotherapy with low-dose thalidomide results in treatment responses in approximately 30% of patients with advanced MM. The response rate appears to be higher if thalidomide treatment is started after the first relapse or progression in comparison with the second relapse or progression. Treatment toxicity is acceptable even with prolonged exposure to the drug.     

Thalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma

Thalidomide--either alone or in combination with dexamethasone or chemotherapy--has shown significant activity in relapsed/refractory disease. When used in the induction regimens in untreated patients, it significantly increases the response rates as well progression-free survival. Moreover, thalidomide as a maintenance therapy has become a very attractive option. However, the toxicity profile of the drug, mainly neurotoxicity and thrombotic events, mandate careful monitoring of patients treated with thalidomide, whether as the first line, in the relapsed setting, or as maintenance. In this chapter we will review the pharmacology, mechanisms of action, and toxicity of the drug, and will focus on available data from clinical experience and randomized trials of thalidomide in the different settings of multiple myeloma: refractory/relapsed disease, upfront treatment in patients who are eligible for high-dose therapy as well as those who are not, and finally the use of thalidomide as a maintenance treatment.