Bovine Colostrum: Its Constituents and Uses

Colostrum is the milk produced during the first few days after birth and contains high levels of immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, and growth factors. Colostrum is important for supporting the growth, development, and immunologic defence of neonates. Colostrum is naturally packaged in a combination that helps prevent its destruction and maintain bioactivity until it reaches more distal gut regions and enables synergistic responses between protective and reparative agents present within it. Bovine colostrum been used for hundreds of years as a traditional or complementary therapy for a wide variety of ailments and in veterinary practice. Partly due to concerns about the side effects of standard Western medicines, there is interest in the use of natural-based products of which colostrum is a prime example. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated therapeutic benefits of bovine colostrum for a wide range of indications, including maintenance of wellbeing, treatment of medical conditions and for animal husbandry. Articles within this Special Issue of Nutrients cover the effects and use bovine colostrum and in this introductory article, we describe the main constituents, quality control and an overview of the use of bovine colostrum in health and disease.     

Effects of Bovine Colostrum with or without Egg on In Vitro Bacterial-Induced Intestinal Damage with Relevance for SIBO and Infectious Diarrhea

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) occurs commonly, is difficult to treat, and frequently recurs. Bovine colostrum (BC) and chicken eggs contain immunoglobulins and other components that possess antimicrobial, immunoregulatory, and growth factor activities; however, it is not known if they have the ability to reduce injury caused by the presence of bacteria associated with SIBO (Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Bacteroides, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, and Proteus) and infectious diarrhea (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella). We examined the effects of BC, egg, or the combination, on bacterial growth and bacteria-induced changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and bacterial translocation across confluent Caco-2 monolayers. BC, egg, or the combination did not affect bacterial growth. Adding bacteria to monolayers reduced TEER and (with minor variations among species) increased bacterial translocation, increased monolayer apoptosis (increased caspase-3 and Baxα, reduced Bcl2), increased intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and reduced cell adhesion molecules zonulin1 (ZO1) and claudin-1. BC, egg, or the combination reduced these effects (all p < 0.01) and caused additional increases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) expression. We conclude that BC ± egg strengthens mucosal integrity against a battery of bacteria relevant for SIBO and for infectious diarrhea. Oral BC ± egg may have clinical value for these conditions, especially SIBO where eradication of precipitating organisms may be difficult to achieve.     

自体骨膜游离移植修复关节软骨缺损进展

探讨自体骨膜游离移植修复关节软骨缺损的研究进展。从骨膜的解剖生理功能和骨膜再生软骨能力两方面进行分析,并阐述了关节内营养环境、关节活动、骨膜生发层不同朝向、年龄及手术技巧等因素对移植修复的影响。同时总结了该方法的临床应用状况、效果及存在的问题。实验及临床的研究证明自体骨膜游离移植是修复关节软骨缺损的重要手段,局部环境因素影响骨膜成软骨。     

体外循环心内直视手术后左室破裂抢救成功4例

目的：报告4例体外循环心内直视手术后左室破裂修补成功病例,方法：4例心内直视手术后发生左室自发性破裂,再次体外循环阻断主动脉,两条长涤纶补片距裂口10mm处全层修补后,加用组织生物胶和止血纱布覆盖创面,其中1例加用自身心包补片修补。结果：4例病人均修补止血成功,3例康复出院,1例水后第10天因肾功能衰竭而死亡。结论：左室破裂是心脏手术后的严重的并发症,用长涤纶补片距裂口10mm处修补,外盖自身心包补片加固,并加用组织生物胶,止血纱布粘固是一种有效的修补方法。     

一针法修补上消化道穿孔

目的 探讨上消化道穿孔修补方法的改进及疗效。方法 将5年内收治的286例上消化道穿孔病人分成A、B两组,A组行带血管蒂大网膜束填塞一针修补,大网膜束缝合覆盖;B组采用传统术式。结果 A组146例病人平均手术时间38分钟,平均住院天数8天,术后随访一年,无1例幽门狭窄或梗阻发生。B组140例病人平均手术时间52分钟,平均住院天数10天,术后随访一年,经钡餐及胃镜检查证实为术后疤痕性幽门管狭窄26例。结论 两组比较带血管蒂大网膜束填塞一针修补上消化道穿孔明显优于传统的多针修补。     

倍骼生在颌骨小范围缺损修复中的应用

目的：观察倍骼生（Perioglas)在颌骨小范围缺损修复治疗中的应用效果。方法：对34例牙源性颌骨囊肿手术后缺损（直径≤30mm)和40例因 牙槽骨高度或厚度不足需行种植修复的病例应用倍骼生植入修复缺损,术后拍片检查并测量植入物高度的变化,观察其密度的变化。结果：倍骼生植入初期高度逐渐变低,密度逐渐降低,但4周以后高度不再减低,密度开始回升。8周以后渐趋近正常骨组织密度。 结论：倍骼生在骨缺损区植入时有骨引导和骨诱导的作用,对缺损区早期形成有功能性的、成熟的骨组织有促进作用。     

缺氧和血清剥夺诱导的PC12细胞DNA损伤与修复

探讨 PC12细胞在缺氧 ( 3 7℃ ,5 % O2 ,95 % N2 )、血清剥夺条件下 DNA损伤与修复、凋亡、坏死或生存的变化规律。应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术、流式细胞学技术检测在不同时间点 ,缺氧、无血清培养等诱导下对 PC12细胞单链 DNA损伤与修复、凋亡的影响。结果发现在 PC12细胞 DNA损伤值均在 0 .5 h时达第一个峰值 ,随后下降。 3 h后DNA损伤数值再次逐渐增加并达到最高值。细胞凋亡峰值略滞后于 DNA损伤峰值 ,并于 DNA损伤程度基本相平行。提示 PC12细胞在缺氧和血清剥夺条件下存在 DNA损伤与修复的动态变化过程 ,DNA损伤后可能直接诱导细胞凋亡 ,DNA损伤程度在早期与细胞凋亡程度相一致     

Abdominal aortic aneurysm: epidemiology,screening and work-up for repair

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dilatation of the infra-renal abdominal aorta to greater than 3 cm. Population screening is offered to men in the year of their 65th birthday in the UK. Patients with small, asymptomatic AAAs (<5.5 cm) are entered into surveillance programmes and have their cardiovascular risk factors managed aggressively. An AAA ≥5.5 cm diameter, or one which is symptomatic, should be considered for surgical repair to prevent rupture. Aneurysm repair can be undertaken using either an open surgical or endovascular approach; the decision should be tailored to the individual patient and made by the surgeon and patient, with input from a multi-disciplinary team.     

How defective spermatogenesis affects sperm DNA integrity

Spermatogenesis is the essential process to maintain and promote male fertility. It is extraordinarily complex with many regulatory elements and numerous steps. The process involves several cell types, regulatory molecules, repair mechanisms and epigenetic regulators. Evidence has shown that fertility can be negatively impacted by reduced sperm DNA integrity. Sources of sperm DNA damage include replication errors and causes of DNA fragmentation which include abortive apoptosis, defective maturation and oxidative stress. This review outlines the process of spermatogenesis, spermatogonial regulation and sperm differentiation; additionally, DNA damage and currently studied DNA repair mechanisms in spermatozoon are also covered.