飞行员配穿两种囊式抗荷服在不同环境温度和代谢水平时的热应激

目的　探讨飞行员配穿囊式抗荷服在不同环境温度、不同代谢水平条件下的热应激 ,为评价囊式抗荷服的热负荷和制定相应的保障措施提供理论依据。方法　 6名受试者分别配穿KH - 3抗荷服及配套装备和KH - 7抗荷服及配套装备 (以下分别简称为“KH - 3”和“KH -7”) ,以不同代谢水平暴露于 2 0℃、2 5℃和 35℃环境。每次试验 70min。测量了受试者配穿KH- 3和KH - 7时的卫生学参数、皮肤温度、直肠温度、心率等 ,并以综合热应激指数 (CIHS)评定了热应激防护等级。结果　KH - 3和KH - 7的各项卫生学参数 (clo值、im、im/IJ)均无显著差别。KH - 3对照Ⅲ组和KH - 7对照Ⅳ组 (2 5℃ ,1178～ 132 5kJ·h- 115min ,36 8kJ·h- 15 5min)的CIHS均未超过生理安全限的 6 0 % (分别为 3.5 4和 3.4 6 ,属轻度热应激 ) ;KH - 3高代谢组和KH- 7高代谢组 (2 0℃ ,84 6～ 10 30kJ·h- 170min)的CIHS在生理安全限的 6 0 %～ 95 %之间 (分别为4 .2 4和 4 .6 0 ,属中度热应激 ) ;KH - 3高温组和KH - 7高温组 (35℃ ,1178～ 132 5kJ·h- 115min ,36 8kJ·h- 15 5min)的CIHS却超过生理安全限的 95 % (分别为 7.31和 7.87,属重度热应激 )。结论　受试者配穿KH - 3与KH - 7时的各项卫生学参数、热应激等均无显著差别 ,但配穿后者比     

术中输注氨基酸对硬膜外阻滞复合全麻开胸手术患者围术期体温的影响

目的评价术中输注氨基酸对硬膜外阻滞复合全麻食管癌和贲门癌手术患者围术期深部体温和代谢的影响。方法择期食管癌和贲门癌手术患者21例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为3组(n =7):从麻醉诱导开始至手术结束,分别静脉输注氨基酸混合液240kJ·h-1(AA组)、等容量乳酸钠林格氏液(LR组)、葡萄糖溶液240kJ·h-1(GLU组)。麻醉诱导前至术后2h每5分钟测定鼓膜温度,于麻醉诱导前即刻、手术开始后1h和术后1h检测指尖血糖,采用4分表法评价术后2h内寒战的发生情况,采用间接测热仪测定术前与术后氧耗。结果与麻醉诱导前即刻比较,术后30min LR组和GLU组氧耗降低,AA组氧耗升高(P<0.01),术后2h LR组、GLU组鼓膜温度降低(P<0.05),AA组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与LR组和GLU组比较,AA组术后2h内寒战发生例数减少(P< 0.05),术后30min氧耗增多(P<0.05),LR组与GLU组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论硬膜外阻滞复合全麻开胸手术患者术中静脉输注氨基酸可通过提高基础代谢率,缓解围术期深部体温降低,减少术后寒战发生,而输注葡萄糖不产生此效应。     

细菌性痢疾季节性高峰变化及其与气温关系的研究

目的 探讨气温对细菌性痢疾发病的影响。方法 应用相关回归统计法和圆形分布法对资料进行研究。结果 菌痢的月平均发病百分构成比与相应年份月平均气温呈正相关(r=0.5099,P<0.01);辖区近10年的平均气温较前10年有所上升,尤其秋冬季与初春月平均气温升高了1℃左右,而菌痢发病高峰时点明显后移(F=11.49,P<0.01),流行高峰期也有后移倾向。结论 气温对菌痢的发病有直接影响,气温升高,菌痢的发病增加,年平均气温升高可导致菌痢的发病高峰时间后移。     

Central cardiovascular and oxygen variables during haemorrhage in the pig

Background: We evaluated the ability of the standards issued by the Danish Society of Anaesthesiologists to reflect a blood loss.
Methods: In 9 pigs bled (0–24 ml kg^-1) and retransfused (to 28 ml kg^-1) during halothane anaesthesia, central cardiovascular, thoracic electrical impedance (TI), oxygen, acid-base and temperature variables were recorded.
Results: With the recommendation for minor surgery (mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR)), the correlation to the blood loss was 0.74 ( P < 0.001) and with that for major surgery (MAP, HR, central venous pressure (CVP) and rectal temperature (Temp_r)) it was 0.79 ( P < 0.001). With the recommendation for extensive surgery (MAP, HR, CVP, pulmonary artery catheter variables and the central-peripheral temperature difference (ΔTemp_r-t)), the correlation was 0.84 ( P < 0.001). Non-invasive monitoring (MAP, HR, ΔTemp_r-t TI and near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain (S_invosO₂)) was only slightly better than basal monitoring (r=0.76, P < 0.001). However, adding arterial base excess (BE), TI and peripheral temperature (Temp_t) to the recommendation for major surgery resulted in a correlation of 0.87 ( P < 0.001), while adding BE and TI to the recommendation for extensive surgery raised correlation to only 0.88 ( P < 0.001).
Conclusion: When the recommendations were followed the correlation to the blood loss ranged from 0.74–0.84. However, with the recording of MAP, HR, CVP, ΔTemp_r-t, BE and TI a correlation of 0.87 was achieved, indicating that a pulmonary artery catheter may not be in need for patients undergoing surgical procedures with expected haemorrhage.     

清热中药对大鼠下丘脑组织中AVP含量的影响

选用典型的清热中药黄芩、银花、连翘组成清热方,从体温调节中枢神经介质方面来探讨清热类中药的解热作用机制。实验表明影响体温调节中枢解热介质AVP代谢,增加其含量,从而抑制体温调定点上移是清热中药作用机理之一。     

In vivo receptor binding,neurochemical and functional studies with the dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390

Summary A series of in vivo experiments were undertaken, relating functional (motor activity, body temperature), dopamine (DA) receptor binding and neurochemical (catecholamine synthesis and utilization, DA release) aspects of the pharmacology of SCH 23390 in the rat.The compound inhibited the locomotor hyperactivity, but not the hypothermia, induced by the potent DA stimulant DP-5,6-ADTN. Interstingly, SCH 23390 simultaneously failed to displace DP-5,6-ADTN from its binding sites in the rat striatum—used as a direct in vivo biochemical index of DA (D-2) receptor interaction. The spontaneous locomotion in non-pretreated rats was likewise inhibited by SCH 23390. The locomotor-suppressive action, but not the DP-5,6-ADTN-displacing capcity of the D-2 blocker haloperidol was significantly enhanced by SCH 23390, suggesting that motility can be suppressed by either enhanced D-1 or D-2 (postsynaptic) receptor blockade, but also that the D-1 and D-2 sites involved may be physically distinct.SCH 23390 only slightly altered in vivo neurochemical of DA synthesis, release and nerve-impulse flow, indicating that, while similar in suppressing dopaminergic behaviour, the D-1 antagonist is less effective than traditional neuroleptics as an activator of DA neuronal feedback mechanisms. The weak increases of DA synthesis and release nonetheless obtained were equal in magnitude (30–40%) in the limbic vs. striatal brain areas; also in this respect, SCH 23390 thus differs from classical neuroleptics, which generally display more marked effects in the striatum than in limbic tissue.No major changes in the in vivo indices of NA synthesis and utilization (or in 5-HT synthesis) were found after SCH 23390 administration, by and large supporting the DA receptor specificity of the compound.In summary, the studies demonstrated that SCH 23390 can offset and accentuate, respectively, behavioural consequences of D-2 receptor stimulation and blockade. Importantly, at the same time no direct interaction at the level of D-2 DA receptor sites in the striatum was detected. Only slight, D-2 antagonist-like, changes in neurochemical indices of dopaminergic activity were observed after D-1 receptor blockade by means of SCH 23390. With regard to DA agonist hypothermia, SCH 23390 was without effect per se, but (at a high dose) attenuated the action of the D-2 antagonist haloperidol. The observations may indicate that the complex interactions between central D-1 and D-2 receptor-controlled mechanisms that influence behaviour, neurochemistry, and possibly autonomic nervous expression, are not identical.     

寒区部队营房最佳采暖温度和通风量的研究

本文选择驻东北三省部队营房，进行了住室微小气候和人员舒适程度的调查。结果表明，穿着棉衣（隔热值２．７ｃｌｏ），平均皮温２８．７±１℃～２７．３±１．２℃，胸额温差３．０～５．０℃，微小风速平均０．０６９ｍ／ｓ时，８０％人员感到舒适的最佳采暖温度为１６～１８℃。经测定寒区部队营房冬季自然通风量为２０．７～５２．０ｍ￣３／ｈ，换气次数为０．１８～０．７３次／ｈ。在此基础上，加开一小气窗，每小时开窗１０ｍｉｎ，可使换气次数达到０．８次／ｈ的要求。     

Fever and feeding in the rat: Actions of intrahypothalamic interleukin-6 compared to macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β)

The chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) and its subunit MIP-1β, induce an intense fever in the rat when they are injected directly into the anterior hypothalamic, pre-optic area (AH/POA), a region containing thermosensitive neurons. The purpose of this study was to compare the central action on body temperature (T_b) of MIP-1β with that of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which also has been implicated in the cerebral mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of fever. Following the stereotaxic implantation in the AH/POA of guide cannulae for repeated micro-injections, radio transmitters which monitor T_b continuously were inserted intraperitoneally in each of 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Each micro-injection was made in a site in the AH/POA in a volume of 1.0 μl of pyrogen-free artificial CSF, recombinant murine MIP-1β, or recombinant human IL-6. MIP-1β in a dose of 25 pg evoked an intense fever characterized by a short latency, a mean maximum rise in T_b of 2.4 ± 0.21°C reached by 3.7 ± 0.42 hr, and a duration exceeding 6.5 hr. Injected into homologous sites in the AH/POA, IL-6 induced a dose dependent fever of similar latency and a mean maximal increase in T_b of 1.2 ± 0.25°C, 1.8 ± 0.15°C, and 2.1 ± 0.22°C and duration of 6.2 ± 1.28 hr, 6.7 ± 0.49 hr, and 6.8 ± 0.65 hr when given in doses of 25, 50, and 100 ng, respectively. These results show that MIP-1β and the highest dose of IL-6 induce a fever of comparable intensity, but MIP-1β exerts its action in a much lower concentration. Thus, the de novo synthesis and subsequent action of the MIP-1 family of cytokines on neurons of the AH/POA in response to a pyrogen challenge apparently play a functional role in the pathogenesis of fever. Further, the endogenous activity of IL-6 in the hypothalamus which is enhanced in response to a lipopolysaccharide also may reflect its essential part in the acute phase response to a bacterial challenge. Copyright © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.