Factors Affecting Survival in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Who Choose Not to Receive Dialysis

Introduction. Non-dialytic treatment (NDT) has become a recognized and important modality of treatment in end stage renal disease (ESRD) in certain groups of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, little is known about the prognosis of these NDT patients in terms of hospitalization rates and survival. We analyzed our experience in managing these NDT with a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach over a three-year period. Patients and Methods. The Renal Unit at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital set up a dedicated MDT clinic to manage NDT patients in January 2003. Patients approaching end stage chronic kidney disease who chose not to dialyse were recruited from other nephrologists. The study group was classified according to age band (<70 years, 71–80 years, and >80 years), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (<10 ml/min, 11–20 ml/min, and >20 ml/min) according to the Modified Diet In Renal Disease formula and Stoke comorbidity grade (SCG). The SCG is a validated scoring system for the survival of patients on renal replacement therapy. We also used the ERA-EDTA primary renal diagnosis codes. As there are no existing standards for NDT patients, we used the U.K. national set for haemodialysis patients as a reference and target for our NDT patients. Data was collected prospectively. Results. The median age was 79 years and the male: female ratio was approximately 1. The most common primary cause of kidney disease in the NDT study population was chronic renal failure of unknown cause n = 22 (31%), but the most common identifiable cause was diabetic nephropathy, n = 20 (28%). The most common comorbidity was ischaemic heart disease n = 25 (34%). Those achieving the standards for anaemia were 78% at referral. Only 30% of the NDT patients achieved the standard for blood pressure (<130/80 mmHg) at referral. Forty-three patients (60%) had no admissions at all. There were a total of 30 patients admitted on 58 occasions. Thirty-one (53%) of these were due to a non-renal cause. The median length of stay for the other NDT patients was 10 days. The median overall survival (life expectancy) was 1.95 years. The one-year overall survival was 65%. SCG was an independent prognostic factor in predicting survival in NDT patients studied (p = 0.005), the hazard ratio being 2.53, for each incremental increase in the SCG. At one year, the survival for comorbidity grade 0, 1 and 2 were 83%, 70% and 56% respectively. Of the 28 patients who died, 20 did so at home (71%). Discussion. The NDT of ESRD has become an important alternative modality in renal replacement therapy. With the emergence of epidemic proportions of CKD, more elderly patients with progressive renal disease will need to make informed decisions regarding renal replacement therapy. There is likely to be increasing number of elderly patients that will tolerate dialysis badly and who will be very dependent on others. We believe that there should be a multidisciplinary approach to assist the ESRD patients in choosing their modality of renal replacement therapy, and with an agreed care plan to support these patients in managing their chosen modality to achieve the best possible quality of life. There should be integrated services with primary care, community nurses, and palliative care teams to enable the majority of the patient's treatment to be carried out at home and to allow a dignified death. However. there was a statistically significant trend for shorter survival among those with greater comorbidities, as determined by the SCG. This is the first report of the potential importance of SCG as an independent prognostic factor in NDT patients. This will help us to counsel our patients in the future about their prognosis if they choose NDT as their modality of renal replacement therapy. Conclusion. Our prospective study is the first and currently the largest observational study of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of NDT patients. SCG was an independent prognostic factor in predicting survival. In those patients who chose not to dialyse, SCG provides a potentially useful indication of expected prognosis.     

进一步优化胃癌综合治疗的方案与措施

全球胃癌发病率呈逐渐下降趋势,但我国人口众多,每年新发胃癌人数仍极庞大.国内多家诊疗中心已建立了胃癌多学科诊疗团队,但在外科手术、化疗、放疗乃至生物靶向治疗等具体策略方面,仍有进一步优化的空间.目前的研究热点包括:合理应用各种技术做精确的术前分期、局部进展期胃癌的围手术期化疗、微创外科技术在各期胃癌中的应用价值、临床研究与基础科研的合理转化以及胃癌的个体化治疗等.中西方胃癌的生物学行为及各类分子事件存在差异,期待有更多源自东方的临床研究证据,充实我国胃癌治疗临床实践.     

多学科协作模式在血流动力学不稳定闭合性骨盆骨折 早期救治的临床研究

目的探讨多学科协作(multidisciplinary team,MDT)模式在血流动力学不稳定闭合性骨盆骨折早期救治中的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析MDT模式实施后救治的23例血流动力学不稳定骨盆骨折患者临床资料(MDT组),以及MDT诊疗模式实施前传统分诊会诊制一体化模式救治的20例患者(一体化组),其中MDT组男性15例,女性8例;年龄19～70岁,平均38. 82岁;骨盆骨折侧方挤压型(LC型) 4例、前后挤压型(APC型) 11例、纵向剪切型(VS型) 5例、复合应力型(CM型) 3例。一体化组男性13例,女性7例;年龄18～62岁,平均41. 45岁; LC型3例、APC型9例、VS型4例、CM型4例。记录两组患者围手术期心率、收缩压、术后24h尿量、总输血量、ICU平均住院时间以及病死率。结果与一体化组相比,MDT组术后6h心率明显降低(P <0. 05),术后6h收缩压升高(P <0. 01),术后24h尿量明显增多(P <0. 01);一体化组总输血量高于MDT组(P <0. 05);一体化组ICU平均住院时间高于MDT组,但差异无明显统计学意义(P=0. 272);患者病死率一体化组为15. 0%,MDT组为8. 7%,差异无明显统计学意义(χ2=0. 551,P=0. 392)。结论 MDT模式在血流动力学不稳定骨盆骨折早期救治中能稳定血流动力学,有效提高患者救治成功率。     

Human factors in obstetrics

The importance of human factors is becoming increasingly recognized in the healthcare profession. Lack of situational awareness, poor communication and inadequate leadership compounded by unfamiliar teams in a rapidly deteriorating clinical situation put obstetric patients at particular risk. There is much to be learnt from other high-risk industries including aviation and the military. Increasing awareness and training in human factors and utilization of communication tools (such as SBAR) and prompts (including emergency checklists) can help to promote a safer environment.     

基于互联网的糖尿病人群闭环式健康管理模式的构建

目的构建基于互联网模式下的闭环式健康管理模式,提高糖尿病人群健康管理效率。方法借助互联网技术,构建糖尿病诊疗服务平台,组建专业化的糖尿病健康管理团队,实施院前预防管理、院中健康管理、院后康复管理的闭环式信息化管理模式。结果 450例糖尿病患者注册成为健康管理会员,368例糖尿病患者建立了个人健康档案。健康管理团队日均通过QQ、微信完成糖尿病疾病相关的健康咨询分别为106次、137次。结论基于互联网的糖尿病人群闭环式健康管理模式可有效提高糖尿病人群健康管理效率,提升服务质量。