肾上腺皮质肿瘤神经内分泌学特性的初步研究

目的:探讨肾上腺皮质肿瘤的神经内分泌学特性.方法:对长征医院1999年6月至2005年6月收治的99例肾上腺皮质肿瘤患者进行回顾性分析.应用单克隆抗体免疫组化技术链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化酶连接法(S-P法)检测99例肾上腺皮质肿瘤组织中神经特异性烯醇酶(neuron specific enolase,NSE)、嗜铬素A(CgA)、突触素(Syn)的表达,收集患者的一般资料,包括患者年龄、临床症状、检验结果、病理类型等,进行统计学处理.结果:三种蛋白在肾上腺皮质腺瘤中均有大量表达,NSE阳性率为80%,CgA阳性率为48.9%,Syn阳性率为75.6%.在皮质腺癌中的表达率为 NSE 77.8%,CgA 22.2%,Syn 77.8%.在正常肾上腺组织中的表达率为 NSE 20%,CgA 0%,Syn 10%.NSE、CgA、Syn三种蛋白在肾上腺皮质腺瘤和肾上腺皮质腺癌之间的表达没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),但均比正常肾上腺组织明显升高(P＜0.05).结论:肾上腺皮质肿瘤无论腺瘤、腺癌,均表现出神经内分泌学特性,提示其发生与肾上腺皮质中的神经内分泌细胞的异常增殖有关.     

慢性高眼压大鼠外侧膝状体神经元的损伤

目的观察在持续高眼压状态下大鼠外侧膝状体（lateral geniculate nucleus．LGN）细胞结构的变化及其与视神经纤维丢失的关系。方法通过烧灼大鼠巩膜表层静脉诱导建立大鼠慢性高眼压模型，左眼为实验眼，右眼为对照眼，分别于2、4、6个月后经心脏灌注内固定取材，对两侧LGN及视神经进行形态学观察；通过突触素P38单克隆抗体免疫组化技术，利用计算机图像分析，对LGN视神经末梢突触分布情况进行检测。并对两侧LGN及视神经的观察结果进行比较。结果随高眼压持续时间的延长。大鼠左眼视神经轴突数目以及右侧LGN神经元大小、密度显著减小；LGN内突触素P38免疫反应阳性产物平均光密度值呈下降趋势；LGN神经元的损伤与视神经轴突数目及突触素光密度值显著相关。结论持续性眼压升高对大鼠LGN有明显损伤作用；高眼压大鼠LGN的损伤继发于视神经的损伤。     

Desmoplastic cerebral astrocytoma of infancy intermingling with atypical glial cells

Despite the rarity of desmoplastic cerebral astrocytoma of infancy (DCAI), it has distinct clinical and pathological features. The present case is a typical DCAI except for its detection and operational age and intermingling with pleomorphic glial cells. In this case, although a cystic lesion of the right temporal lobe was noticed when the patient was 6 months old, it was not regarded as a tumor and wasn't removed until he was 9 years old. It is quite unusual that a DCAI was able to exist in the cerebrum for 9 years. However, no metastasis occurred and distinct macroscopic and microscopic features of the tumor were not different from typical DCAI except for an intermingling with pleomorphic glial cells. Furthermore, even in the pleomorphic areas, the absence of necrosis and an MIB-1 index of 2.9% indicated non-aggressive growth. These features of the present case may provide additional information as to the character of DCAI, which generally has a favorable prognosis.     

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors: Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Studies

We report here ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of neuroblastic differentiation in the retrospective (n = 17) and prospective (n = 26) series of primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). By electron microscopy, neuritelike structures containing parallel-oriented microtubules, adhesive plaque junctions, and pleomorphic dense-core vesicles were found in the majority of tumor specimens while synaptic specializations were very rare. By immunohistochemistry, synapto-physin appeared to be the most reliable marker for neuroblastic differentiation present in the majority of tumors, while 200 kDa neurofilament protein was immunovisualized in a lower proportion of tumors. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was expressed in both reactive astrocytes and in a small proportion of otherwise typical neoplastic cells. We conclude that the majority of PNETs revealed diverse differentiation and that electron microscopy is still the most reliable tool for its detection followed by immunohistochemistry for synaptophysin.     

苍艾挥发油对大鼠抑郁样行为的影响及机制研究

目的?研究苍艾挥发油（Volatile oil of Cang Ai,VOCA）对不可预知慢性温和应激所致的大鼠抑郁样行为的影响及其可能的作用机制。方法?将40只SD大鼠,随机分为4组,正常对照组、模型对照组、阳性药组（氯米帕明,20?mg/kg）和苍艾挥发油组（14.6?μL/kg）各10只;后3组大鼠均采用6种不同刺激方式复制慢性不可预知温和应激模型(CUMS)。在CUMS造模第15~42天进行药物干预,除阳性药灌胃给药外,其他各组均雾化吸入相应剂量的药物或溶媒。于造模后第21、28、35、42天进行体质量、食量和毛态检测,造模结束后的第1天进行旷场实验和蔗糖偏好实验,以评价苍艾挥发油对应激所导致的抑郁样行为的作用。用免疫荧光染色检测大鼠海马齿状回BDNF阳性细胞数、蛋白免疫印迹法检测大鼠海马中突触囊泡蛋白(Synaptophysin)和突触后致密物质-95(PSD-95)的蛋白表达水平。结果?与模型组比较,VOCA可明显增加模型大鼠的水平运动总路程、穿行格子数和移动速度,同时缩短静止时间（P<0.01）,提高蔗糖偏好度（P<0.05）。VOCA在给药第7、14、21和28天可显著增加造模动物体质量增幅和进食量（P<0.05~0.01）,毛态评分则明显低于模型组（P<0.01）。同时,VOCA能够明显增加海马齿状回中BDNF阳性细胞数和海马组织中Synaptophysin表达量（P<0.01）。结论?苍艾挥发油对抗大鼠慢性不可预见应激抑郁的机制可能与增加BDNF含量进而增加突触囊泡膜蛋白表达从而改善突触传递效能有关。      

慢病毒介导骨形态发生蛋白7基因转染诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞的分化

文题释义： 骨形态发生蛋白7：骨形态发生蛋白不仅决定着胚胎早期神经与非神经的命运,还与Wnt、Shh等其他信号通路协同作用,在神经干细胞的增殖、分化以及神经系统各亚型细胞的形成中发挥着重要作用。骨形态发生蛋白7是骨形态发生蛋白家族的重要成员之一,通过静脉或脑室注射骨形态发生蛋白7蛋白,可改善脑缺血大鼠的神经功能,而且骨形态发生蛋白7能够促进神经树突生长,说明骨形态发生蛋白7可能在神经系统发生与修复中具有重要的调节作用,起到神经保护作用。 骨髓间充质干细胞：其具有来源广泛、取材容易、免疫排斥反应弱、避免伦理争议等优点,应用于治疗脊髓损伤具有重要的临床意义,为一种理想的组织工程干细胞。但利用骨髓间充质干细胞治疗脊髓损伤存在诸多问题,例如向神经细胞分化效率低、移植进入体内后分化形成的神经细胞能否与内源性神经细胞形成突触联系等。 背景：骨髓间充质干细胞具备向神经元样细胞分化的潜能,已经被列为治疗脊髓损伤的首选干细胞,但其分化效率低,寻找一种具有高效诱导能力的因子尤为重要。基于文献查阅及课题组研究基础,推测骨形态发生蛋白7(bone morphogenetic protein 7,BMP-7)基因可能在促进骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化上发挥着重要作用。 目的：探讨骨形态发生蛋白7慢病毒载体转染诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化的作用。 方法：采用全骨髓贴壁法培养SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,以感染复数为50,25,10,1进行LV-GFP转染,转染后3 d在荧光倒置显微镜下观察各组GFP表达情况,确定最佳感染复数。取第3代骨髓间充质干细胞,分为空白对照组(常规培养)、LV-GFP组、LV-BMP-7-GFP组,以最佳感染复数转染24,48,72,96,120 h后,采用MTT法检测细胞存活率;转染3 d后,采用免疫细胞化学实验检测神经细胞标记物神经丝蛋白200、突触素1表达。 结果与结论：①LV-GFP转染后3 d,感染复数为1组未见GFP阳性细胞,感染复数为10,25,50组可见GFP阳性细胞,其中感染复数为10组平均荧光强度高于其余组(P < 0.05),为最适感染复数;②空白对照组、LV-GFP组神经丝蛋白200、突触素1表达呈阴性;LV-BMP-7-GFP组神经丝蛋白200、突触素1表达呈阳性,胞体和轴突被染成亮棕黄色;③结果表明,LV-BMP-7转染可促进骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化。 ORCID: 0000-0001-5909-5524(张文) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

儿童横纹肌肉瘤的上皮和神经内分泌标志物

目的:探讨上皮和神经内分泌标志物细胞角蛋白(cytokeratin,CK)、突触素(synaptophysin,Syn)和嗜铬粒蛋白A(chromogranin A,CgA)在儿童横纹肌肉瘤(rhabdomyosarcoma,RMS)中的表达及临床病理意义。方法:回顾性分析56例RMS的临床特征、组织学形态,应用免疫组织化学的方法检测CK,Syn,CgA在各型RMS组织中的表达,结合随访结果进行分析。结果:52例患儿中,男38例,女18例,年龄24 d^9岁(平均3岁11个月)。发生部位:以泌尿生殖道最为常见(16/56,28.6%)。镜下:56例中,诊断胚胎性RMS(epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma,ERMS)32例、腺泡状RMS(alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma,ARMS)19例、梭形细胞RMS(spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma,SCRMS)5例。免疫表型:41.1%(23/56)表达广谱CK,43.1%(22/51)表达Syn,22.4%(11/49)表达CgA;其中,Syn和CgA的表达方式呈局灶性,并且有22%的病例同时表达二者;9%的病例同时表达CK和Syn或CgA。结论:各种类型的RMS中均可不同程度地表达上皮和神经内分泌标志物,提示可使用这一组标志物诊断和鉴别诊断RMS与神经内分泌肿瘤及其他小圆形细胞肿瘤。     

金芪降糖片对糖尿病引发的认知功能障碍的影响及机制

目的:探讨金芪降糖片对糖尿病引发的认知功能障碍的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法:选用C57BL/6J小鼠,采用ip链脲佐菌素(STZ,120 mg·kg-1)复合高脂饮食的方法诱导复制2型糖尿病模型。利用Morris水迷宫试验筛选出存在糖尿病认知功能障碍的小鼠,并随机将其分为4组,每组14只,分别为模型组,阳性药组(盐酸二甲双胍0.45 g·kg-1),金芪降糖片高(2倍临床等效剂量1.31 g·kg-1)及低(临床等效剂量0.655 g·kg-1)剂量组。正常组和模型组均给予等量蒸馏水,连续ig给药10周。在给药前及给药10周后,各测一次小鼠的空腹血糖(FBG)和体重。10周后,Morris水迷宫实验检测小鼠学习忆能力;尼式染色观察海马CA1区形态学变化;酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测小鼠血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)法检测小鼠海马组织突触素(SYN)mRNA表达水平。结果:与正常组比较,模型组糖尿病小鼠FBG明显升高,记忆能力下降,海马神经损伤明显,血清BDNF水平明显降低,海马SYN mRNA表达水平明显降低,体重明显降低(P0.05,P0.01);与模型组比较,金芪降糖片高剂量组可降低糖尿病小鼠FBG,改善学习记忆能力,改善海马神经损伤状况,显著升高血清BDNF水平,显著增加海马SYN mRNA表达水平,各治疗组小鼠体重较稳定,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:金芪降糖片可以改善糖尿病小鼠的学习记忆能力,可能是通过上调BDNF含量对海马神经细胞保护及营养修复,并促进海马SYN mRNA表达上调调节海马神经突触可塑性实现的。     

Insecticide imidacloprid influences cognitive functions and alters learning performance and related gene expression in a rat model

The potential toxic effects of several pesticides, including imidacloprid on non‐target organisms have not been clearly established. Also, the chronic effects of non‐toxic doses on cognitive function in mammals are unknown. In this study, the effects of different doses of imidacloprid on learning and memory of infant and adult rats were evaluated, and the expressions of genes synthesizing proteins known to be associated with learning in brain tissues were also documented. 0.5, 2 and 8 mg/kg doses of imidacloprid were administered to newborn infant and adult Wistar albino rats by gavage. Their learning activities were evaluated, and the expression levels of the inotropic glutamate receptor GRIN1, synoptophysin, growth‐associated protein 43 and the muscarinic receptor M1 in hippocampus were determined by real‐time PCR method. Learning activities were diminished significantly at 2 and 8 mg/kg doses in the infant model groups and at 8 mg/kg dose in adult rats. Also, expression levels of GRIN1, SYP and GAP‐43 were found to be insignificantly altered. Only the expression of M1 were significantly changed in high doses of adult group. Thus imidacloprid in high doses causes deterioration in cognitive functions particularly in infant rats, and this deterioration may be associated with changes in the expressions of related genes.