Development of quality of care indicators for Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major cause of disability. To date, there have been no large-scale efforts to measure the quality of PD care because of a lack of quality indicators for conducting an explicit review of PD care processes. We present a set of quality indicators for PD care. Based on a structured review of the medical literature, 79 potential indicators were drafted. Through a two-round modified Delphi process, an expert panel of seven movement disorders specialists rated each indicator on criteria of validity, feasibility, impact on outcomes, room for improvement, and overall utility. Seventy-one quality indicators met validity and feasibility thresholds. Applying thresholds for impact on outcomes, room for improvement, and overall utility, a subset of 29 indicators was identified, spanning dopaminergic therapy, assessment of functional status, assessment and treatment of depression, coordination of care, and medication use. Multivariable analysis showed that overall utility ratings were driven by validity and impact on outcomes (P < 0.01). An expert panel can reach consensus on a set of highly rated quality indicators for PD care, which can be used to assess quality of PD care and guide the design of quality improvement projects.     

三峡地区大学生膳食调查与分析

目的：为开展大学生膳食营养教育提供依据。方法：采用记录和询问相结合的方法对301名大学生进行膳食调查。结果：男生的膳食营养状况比女生好。男生对热能、磷、铁、维生素A和维生素B1的摄入量均超过推荐量（Recommended Nutrient Intake，RNI），蛋白质达到RNI的94％，但钙、维生素B2和维生素C摄入不足，分别达到RNI的54％、71％、69％。女生磷、铁、维生素B1的摄取量超过RNI，维生素A达到RNI的90％，基本满足需要，但蛋白质、能量、钙、维生素B2和维生素C分别达到RNI量的76％、78％、57％和54％。男女生摄入的优质蛋白质均达到总摄入量的41％。男女生均有早上餐能量过低，晚餐量过高的现象。结论：大学生的膳营养水平比以往有所提高，但某些营养素仍严重缺乏，应加强对大学生的膳食营养教育。     

男科学的科研思路及选题

男科疾病诊治水平的不断提高离不开科研的发展。笔者根据自己多年在男科领域的科研工作经历,认为男科的科研选题对提高男科疾病的诊治水平意义重大。男科领域科研选题应密切结合男科临床需要,遵循重要性、创新性、科学性、可行性及现实性等原则,面向常见男科疾病的基础、治疗和流行病学方向选题。选题要注重方法。     

When the right to be counted doesn’t count: The politics and challenges of researching the health of asylum seekers

A fundamental prerequisite of population health research is the ability to establish an accurate denominator. This in turn requires that every individual in the study population is counted. However, this seemingly simple principle has become a point of conflict between researchers whose aim is to produce evidence of disparities in population health outcomes and governments whose policies promote (intentionally or not) inequalities that are the underlying causes of health disparities. Research into the health of asylum seekers is a case in point. There is a growing body of evidence documenting the adverse affects of recent changes in asylum-seeking legislation, including mandatory detention. However, much of this evidence has been dismissed by some governments as being unsound, biased and unscientific because, it is argued, evidence is derived from small samples or from case studies. Yet, it is the policies of governments that are the key barrier to the conduct of rigorous population health research on asylum seekers. In this paper, the authors discuss the challenges of counting asylum seekers and the limitations of data reported in some industrialized countries. They argue that the lack of accurate statistical data on asylum seekers has been an effective neo-conservative strategy for erasing the health inequalities in this vulnerable population, indeed a strategy that renders invisible this population. They describe some alternative strategies that may be used by researchers to obtain denominator data on hard-to-reach populations such as asylum seekers.     

Should harm minimization as an approach to adolescent substance use be embraced by junior and senior high schools?: Empirical evidence from An integrated school- and community-based demonstration intervention addressing drug use among adolescents

The objective of this demonstration project was to determine if school-based harm minimization drug education was potentially acceptable and effective for junior and senior high school students in Nova Scotia. We conducted a four-year quasi-experimental intervention using mixed quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The intervention was a co-operative participatory research project with various activities determined by the participants. The project involved a partnership of four schools, two school boards, two regional addiction services, the provincial department of health, and a university. The outcomes evaluation was based on a sample of 1117 and 849 students in the intervention schools, compared with 3755 and 4247 students in the rest of the province, in 1998 and 2002, respectively. The evaluation of acceptability was based on an analysis of 491 documents generated from 1998 to 2002. The outcomes of effectiveness were specific risks and harmful consequences associated with substance use. We found that harm minimization was an acceptable approach to drug education targeting the senior high school population, and there was also some evidence of effectiveness in that age group in that the prevalence of several risks and negative consequences of substance use decreased significantly in the intervention schools relative to the rest of the province. In junior high school, harm minimization was found to not be an acceptable approach to drug education. This demonstration project provides evidence that school-based harm minimization may be acceptable and effective in senior high schools but may not be acceptable in junior high schools.     

教育研究中的问题及评价

教育科学研究是探索和揭示教育过程中未被认识或未被完全认识的现象、本质和规律的一种活动。而问题研究又是教育科学研究的关键,能否选择一个真问题进行研究将直接决定教育科学研究的质量与成败。本文从问题的概念分析入手,从传统认识论中真理论的观点出发并综合多位学者的观点探讨了什么是真问题,最后粗浅地分析了教育课题研究中的真问题。     

Recall of medication during pregnancy: Validity and accuracy of an adjusted questionnaire

Objective — To study the validity and accuracy of an adjusted questionnaire on medical drug use during pregnancy eight years after the pregnancy. Methods — The ability of a questionnaire on medication during pregnancy to detect actual use (= sensitivity) was tested against information collected 8 years previously (in 1983–1984) from 473 women with high-risk pregnancies who delivered at the University Hospital Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Results — For separate drug groups, the sensitivity varied between 5% and 91%. The timing of use was recalled moderately well. Although specific questions on drug groups did improve the sensitivity as compared to an earlier questionnaire, the improvement was not enough to make the questionnaire valid. High maternal education, low birth weight, low gestational age and a low 5-min Apgar score were related to better recall. The sensitivity of the questionnaire depended on the behavioural score of the child, implying recall bias. Conclusion — Questionnaire data on drug use during pregnancy obtained eight years after delivery are not a valid source of information.