氟骨病胸椎管狭窄症手术后血肿形成的早期诊断和治疗

目的分析氟骨病胸椎管狭窄症手术后伤口血肿形成的原因,总结早期诊断和治疗的方法。方法采用后路全椎板减压术治疗312例氟骨病胸椎管狭窄症患者,术后短期内出现神经症状恶化并经MRI检查证实为血肿形成18例,一经确诊马上实施血肿清除术。结果所有病例二次手术后神经症状均获得不同程度的恢复,得到早期诊断、早期治疗的病例恢复效果明显优于延迟治疗的病例。结论手术后血肿形成是氟骨病胸椎管狭窄症治疗中的一种严重并发症,只有早期诊断、及时手术清除才能获得满意的效果。     

Is there a way to avoid surgical complications of twist drill craniostomy for evacuation of a chronic subdural hematoma?

Summary Background. Although twist drill craniostomy for evacuation of a chronic subdural hematoma is a rapid and minimally invasive procedure, it carries the risk of complications because it is a ‘blind’ technique. Our aim was to analyse the complications in a series of patients treated by this technique in order to identify methods of avoidance by modifications in the surgical technique. Method. Thirty-nine patients with a chronic subdural hematoma underwent twist drill craniostomy between November 2002 and December 2005 in our clinic. When a surgical complication happened we modified our surgical technique to see if this avoided it in future patients. Findings. Surgical complications happened in 7 patients (17.9%) including inadequate drainage, brain penetration, acute epidural hematoma and catheter folding. After preventive modifications these complications did not recur. Conclusions. Modifications in the technique of twist drill craniostomy are described in this paper which may minimise the occurrence of surgical complications.     

Extensive postoperative epidural hematoma after full anticoagulation: case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: A 67-year-old man with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and a medical history significant for coronary artery disease underwent routine lumbar surgical decompression. The objective of this study was to report a case of postoperative epidural hematoma associated with the use of emergent anticoagulation, including the dangers associated with spinal decompression and early postoperative anticoagulation. METHODS: Case report. FINDINGS: After anticoagulation therapy for postoperative myocardial ischemia, the patient developed paresis with ascending abdominal paraesthesias. Immediate decompression of the surgical wound was carried out at the bedside. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a massive spinal epidural hematoma extending from the middle of the cervical spine to the sacrum. Emergent cervical, thoracic, and revision lumbar laminectomy without fusion was performed to decompress the spinal canal and evacuate the hematoma. RESULTS: Motor and sensory function returned to normal by 14 days postoperatively, but bowel and bladder function continued to be impaired. Postoperative radiographs showed that coronal and sagittal spinal alignment did not change significantly after extensive laminectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Full anticoagulation should be avoided in the early postoperative period. In cases requiring early vigorous anticoagulation, patients should be closely monitored for changes in neurologic status. Combined cervical, thoracic, and lumbar laminectomy, without instrumentation or fusion, is an acceptable treatment option.     

Early postoperative MRI in detecting hematoma and dural compression after lumbar spinal decompression: prospective study of asymptomatic patients in comparison to patients requiring surgical revision

Early postoperative MRI after spinal surgery is difficult to interpret because of confounding postoperative mass effects and frequent occurrence of epidural hematomas. Purpose of this prospective study is to evaluate prevalence, extent and significance of hematoma in the first postoperative week in asymptomatic patients after decompression for lumbar stenosis and to determine the degree of clinically significant dura compression by comparing with the patients with postoperative symptoms. MRI was performed in 30 asymptomatic patients (47 levels) in the first week after lumbar spine decompression for degenerative stenosis. Eleven patients requiring surgical revision (16 levels) for symptomatic early postoperative hematoma were used for comparison. In both groups the cross-sectional area of the maximum dural compression (bony stenosis and dural sac expansion) was measured preoperatively and postoperatively by an experienced radiologist. Epidural hematoma was seen in 42.5% in asymptomatic patients (20/47 levels). The median area of postoperative hematoma at the operated level was 176 mm² in asymptomatic patients and 365 mm² in symptomatic patients. The median cross-sectional area of the dural sac at the operated level was 128.5 and 0 mm² in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, respectively, at the site of maximal compression. In the symptomatic group 75% of the patients had a maximal postoperative dural sac area of 58.5 mm² or less, whereas in the asymptomatic group 75% of patients with epidural hematoma had an area of 75 mm² or more. The size of hematoma and the degree of dural sac compression were significantly larger in patients with symptoms needing surgical revision. Dural sac area of less than 75 mm² in early postoperative MRI was found to be the threshold for clinical significance.     

Spontaneous epidural hematoma due to cervico-thoracic angiolipoma

Epidural angiolipomas are uncommon benign tumors of the spine. Their clinical presentation is usually a progressive spinal cord compression. We report the case of a 22-year-old patient who presented with an acute paraparesis and a spontaneous epidural hematoma, which revealed a epidural angiolipoma which extended from C7 to T3. The patient underwent a C7–T3 laminectomy, in emergency, with evacuation of the hematoma and extradural complete resection of a fibrous epidural tumor bleeding. The postoperative course was favorable with regression of neurological symptoms. Epidural angiolipomas can be revealed by spontaneous intratumoral hemorrhage without traumatism. The standard treatment is total removal by surgery.     

创伤性迟发性颅内血肿的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨创伤性、迟发性颅内血肿的早期诊断和治疗的临床效果。方法 对22例病人的发病年龄、性别、伤因、早期诊断和治疗效果进行了回顾性分析。经过2—6个月，按GOS评定治疗效果。结果 良好者12例，中残者5例，重残者1例，植物生存者1例，死亡者3例，死亡率为14％。结论 早期诊断和治疗本病对于提高治愈率和降低死亡率至关重要，早期手术治疗本病，乃是多数病人首选的治疗方法。     

基于CT纹理特征及临床-影像学特征构建模型预测慢性硬膜下血肿钻孔引流术后复发

目的观察基于CT纹理特征及临床-影像学特征建立的支持向量机(SVM)模型对于预测慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)钻孔引流术后复发的价值。方法回顾性分析146例经颅钻孔引流术后CSDH患者,术后随访3个月,统计复发例数。对比复发与未复发患者的一般资料及病灶CT特征,以Mazda软件在术前CT所示血肿最大层面勾画ROI,提取纹理参数。采用主成分分析法提取特征参数,建立SVM模型;以受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析模型对复发的预测效能。结果经颅钻孔引流术后3个月内32例(32/146,21.92%)CSDH复发,114例(114/146,78.08%)未复发;复发与未复发患者间术前血肿体积及血肿亚型差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。对每例患者提取304个术前CT纹理特征,最终筛选出30个特征,复发与未复发者间仅S(5,0)SumAverg差异有统计学意义(P=0.03)。经主成分分析,最终提取S(5,0)Contrast、S(5,0)SumAverg、Teta2、S(3,-3)Entropy 4个纹理特征及糖尿病、血肿体积及亚型3个临床-影像学特征。分别基于4个纹理特征及4个纹理特征+3个临床-影像学特征建立SVM模型,ROC曲线结果显示,前者预测CSDH术后复发的AUC为0.85,后者为0.92(P=0.075)。结论基于CT纹理特征及临床-影像学特征构建的SVM模型有助于预测CSDH经钻孔引流术治疗后复发。     

Strict Closed-System Drainage for Treating Chronic Subdural Haematoma

Summary. A comparative study chiefly of the recurrence rate of chronic subdural haematoma after two treatment modalities was conducted. Patients were divided into a burr hole strict closed-system drainage group (SCD group; n=56) and a burr hole closed-system drainage with irrigation group (CDI group; n=45). The burr hole strict closed-system drainage involved simply inserting a drainage tube into the haematoma cavity as quickly as possible after minimally incising the haematoma capsule. The introduction of air into the haematoma cavity was prevented, and irrigation was not performed. Symptoms in both groups disappeared soon after surgery, with no postoperative complications. Haematoma recurred in one patient (1.8%) of the SCD group compared with 5 (11.1%) of the CDI group. The rate of recurrence was significantly lower for the SCD than for the CDI group (p<0.05). In 4 of 5 recurrences in the CDI group, the volume of residual intracapsular air was sufficient after initial surgery. These results suggested that postoperative residual intracapsular air is a factor contributing to recurrence. Burr hole strict closed-system drainage is a simple, less invasive procedure with which to treat chronic subdural haematoma and the outcome is excellent. Furthermore, prevention of intracapsular air intrusion during surgery might help prevent recurrence.     

ESWL致肾包膜下、肾周围血肿12例分析及对策

目的：降低ESWL致肾包膜下、肾周围血肿的发生率.方法：回顾1999～2009年肾结石ESWL后致肾包膜下、肾周围血肿12例的病史资料,分析总结与之密切相关的临床危险因素和术中技术参数.结果：12例肾包膜下、肾周围血肿经积极对症治疗后,9～18个月血肿均消失.高血压、高龄男性、肾下盏结石是重要的临床危险因素,高脉冲能量、多脉冲次数、高脉冲频率是致病的主要技术参数.结论：高血压、高龄男性、肾下盏结石患者术前应良好控制高血压、术中适当降低脉冲能量、合理减少脉冲次数、适当控制脉冲频率是降低ESWL致肾包膜下、肾周围血肿的重要对策.     

A new simple therapeutic method for chronic subdural hematoma without irrigation and drainage

Summary Background. We developed a new simple therapeutic method for the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) without irrigation and drainage. This method is characterized by replacement of the hematoma with oxygen. Methods. Seventy patients (seventy-eight sides) with CSDH were treated with this method from May 1994 to October 2002. For the complete replacement of the hematoma with oxygen, subdural tapping site was changed from the thickest area of the hematoma to the parietal tuber. Irrigation and drainage were not used in all patients. Results. Neurological recovery after the treatment was satisfactory in all 70 patients. An average amount of replaced hematoma was 96.1 ml, ranging from 5 to 280 ml. An initial hematoma pressure ranged from 0 to 200 mm H₂O (average: 92.1 mm H₂O). During the follow up periods, clinical recurrence was noted in 7 patients (10%) and 7 sides (9.0%). Conclusion. The replacement of the hematoma with oxygen via percutaneous subdural tapping without irrigation and drainage is useful and less invasive method for the treatment of CSDH.