Finite element solution of steady state temperature distribution in the human torso

A finite element model of the steady state temperature distribution in the human torso is developed. The torso is approximated by a circular cylinder of core surrounded by a layer of muscle and insulating layers of fat and skin. The model is simplified by neglecting longitudinal heat flow. The region occupied by a circular cross-section of the torso is discretized into a mesh of triangles and the boundary of the torso, that is, the skin surface, is consequently approximated by a polygon. The elliptic partial differential equation governing the steady state temperature distribution, together with the associated boundary conditions, are expressed in equivalent variational form. Linear basis functions are used and the resulting integral is minimized over the region bounded by the approximating polygon. Results for two numerical experiments are determined by solving systems of linear equations.     

CCK and other peptides modulate hypothalamic norepinephrine release in the rat: Dependence on hunger or satiety

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the functional relationship between putative satiety peptides and endogenous norepinephrine (NE) activity in the hypothalamus. Permanent guide cannulae for push-pull perfusion were implanted stereotaxically in Sprague-Dawley rats so as to rest above the medial or lateral hypothalamus (LH). Post-operatively, the animals were either satiated with food and water, both available ad lib, or fasted for 18-22 hr prior to an experiment. To perfuse a site in the LH, paraventricular (PVN) or ventromedial nucleus (VMN), a concentric 29-23 ga push-pull cannula system was lowered to a pre-determined site, in most cases after catecholamine stores had been pre-labeled with [3H]-NE. During control tests, an artificial CSF was perfused at a rate of 20-25 microliter/min for 5-8 min with a 5 min interval between each sample. The addition of cholecystokinin (CCK) in a concentration of 2.0-6.0 ng/microliter to the CSF perfused in PVN or VMN of the satiated rat enhanced the efflux of NE; however, in the fasted animal CCK often suppressed the catecholamine's release. Perfused in the LH, CCK exerted opposite effects, typically augmenting NE output when the rat was fasted but not affecting the amine's activity during the sated condition. Proglumide (1.2 micrograms/microliter) attenuated CCK's effect in releasing NE when the antagonist was perfused in the PVN of the satiated rat. Similar experiments in which neurotensin (NT) was perfused in the LH, PVN and VMN revealed virtually the same inverse effects on NE release in the fasted and satiated rat, which again were anatomically specific. Finally, insulin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) exerted similar state-dependent effects on the release of NE within LH and PVN. Overall, the results suggest that CCK or other neuroactive peptide could serve as a "neuromodulator" of the pre-synaptic release of NE within classical hypothalamic structures which are thought to underlie both hunger and satiety. The state-dependent nature of the peptides' activity on the noradrenergic feeding mechanism implies that these substances constitute a pivotal portion of the profile of factors which impinge functionally upon the hypothalamic neurons responsible for the feeding response and its cessation.     

艾滋病患者渐进性肌肉放松训练配合心理干预的应用效果

目的 探讨渐进性肌肉放松训练配合心理干预对艾滋病患者服药依从性及心理状态的影响。方法 选择2017年8月—2020年8月于本院就诊的68例艾滋病患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组34例。对照组实施常规护理干预,观察组在此基础上实施渐进性肌肉放松训练配合心理干预,比较两组服药依从性及医院焦虑抑郁量表(HospitalAnxietyand Depresseo Scale,HAD)评分。结果 观察组服药总依从率为97.06%,高于对照组的70.59%,(χ2=8.785,P=0.003);观察组干预2周后焦虑评分为(14.35±1.67)分、抑郁评分为(13.98±1.38)分,均低于对照组的(15.63±1.59)分、(15.08±1.27)分,(t=3.237、3.420,P=0.002、0.001)。结论 渐进性肌肉放松训练配合心理干预应用于艾滋病患者,能够提高患者服药依从性,改善患者心理状态。     

小儿手足口病行综合护理的效果

目的分析综合护理对促进小儿手足口病病情恢复的效果观察。方法手足口病患儿作为本次研究的主要对象,总例数(选取人数)200例,患者收取时间在2018年10月-2019年10月,研究对象200例使用电脑随机分配方式分为两组,其中100例作为观察组(实施综合护理)、100例作为对照组(实施常规护理),将两组的口腔糜烂愈合时间、住院时间、皮疹消退时间、家属焦虑评分和抑郁评分进行比较。结果观察组手足口病患儿护理后口腔糜烂愈合时间、住院时间、皮疹消退时间显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组患儿家属护理后焦虑(46.25±1.64)分、抑郁(52.03±1.21)分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论综合护理在小儿手足口病病情恢复中具有良好的护理效果。     

The Hunger Games: Homeostatic State-Dependent Fluctuations in Disinhibition Measured with a Novel Gamified Test Battery

Food homeostatic states (hunger and satiety) influence the cognitive systems regulating impulsive responses, but the direction and specific mechanisms involved in this effect remain elusive. We examined how fasting, and satiety, affect cognitive mechanisms underpinning disinhibition using a novel framework and a gamified test-battery. Thirty-four participants completed the test-battery measuring three cognitive facets of disinhibition: attentional control, information gathering and monitoring of feedback, across two experimental sessions: one after overnight fasting and another after a standardised meal. Homeostatic state was assessed using subjective self-reports and biological markers (i.e., blood-derived liver-expressed antimicrobial protein 2 (LEAP-2), insulin and leptin). We found that participants who experienced greater subjective hunger during the satiety session were more impulsive in the information gathering task; results were not confounded by changes in mood or anxiety. Homeostatic state did not significantly influence disinhibition mechanisms linked to attentional control or feedback monitoring. However, we found a significant interaction between homeostatic state and LEAP-2 on attentional control, with higher LEAP-2 associated with faster reaction times in the fasted condition only. Our findings indicate lingering hunger after eating increases impulsive behaviour via reduced information gathering. These findings identify a novel mechanism that may underpin the tendency to overeat and/or engage in broader impulsive behaviours.     

Smoking Cessation and Quality of Life: Insights From Analysis of Longitudinal Australian Data,an Application for Economic Evaluations

ObjectivesA number of studies have shown an association between smoking habit and quality of life, but these have mainly involved cross-sectional data. This study takes advantage of longitudinal panel data to estimate the effect of the transition from “smoker” to “ex-smoker” status (smoking cessation) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), measured by SF-36, in an Australian general population sample.MethodsPanel data from 13 waves (2001-2013) of a nationally representative longitudinal survey of Household Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia (HILDA) were used; 1858 respondents (5% of total HILDA sample) who experienced only 1 cessation event in their HILDA life were selected. HRQoL trajectories elicited by SF-36 (0-100 scale, worst to best health) were modeled before and after cessation events using a piecewise (segmented) 2-way fixed-effect linear regression, adopted to capture within-person differences. This enabled measurement of changes of regression slopes and intercept while controlling time-invariant characteristics (eg, country of birth, gender) and time-varying changes in health status.ResultsAnnual pre-post intervention improvements were estimated for the following dimensions: role physical 0.65 (95% CI 0.62-1.24), bodily pain 0.48 (95% CI 0.10-0.86), general health 0.55 (95% CI 0.2-0.9), and the physical component summary score 0.22 (95% CI 0.01-0.04). Immediate effects (discontinuity at the time of cessation) of smoking cessation existed for bodily pain –1.5 (95% CI –2.52 to –0.40) and general health 1.82 (95% CI 1.01-2.62). The effects for mental health domains were not significant.ConclusionsAdjusting for all unmeasured time-invariant confounders and controlling the effect of time, this study revealed the varied effects of smoking cessation on HRQoL; it has positive effect on physical and general health but nonsignificant effect on mental aspects. Preference-based utility measures based on SF-6D capture changes that can be measured in several of the domains of the SF-36.     

Social tariffs and democratic choice—Do population‐based health state values reflect the will of the people?

In economic evaluations of health technologies, health outcomes are commonly measured in terms of quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs). QALYs are the product of time and health‐related quality of life. Health‐related quality of life, in turn, is determined by a social tariff, which is supposed to reflect the public's preference over health states. This study argues that, because of the tariff's role in the societal decision‐making process, it should not be understood as merely an operational (statistical) definition of health, but as a major instrument of democratic participation. I outline what implications this might have for both the method used to aggregate individual preferences, and the set of individuals whose preferences should count. Alternative tariff specifications and decision rules are explored, and future research directions are proposed.     

溃疡性结肠炎患者的心理健康状况及个性特征

目的 了解溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者的心理健康状况及个性特征。方法 采用症状自评量表（SCL－90）、Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及卡特尔16项人格测评问卷（16－PF）调查了46例UC患者并与健康者对照。结果 UC患者SCL－90总分、阳性项目数,阳性症状均分、躯体化、焦虑、恐怖以及SAS、SDS得分均升高。16PF结果：O、Q4因子分及次级人格因子中X1分升高而C、F、Y1分均下降。UC病人抑郁发生率32．6％明显高于健康者。结论 UC病人存在明显的心理健康障碍,主要表现为躯体化、焦虑、抑郁、恐怖。同时UC患者存在不良的人格特征：表现为个性同倾、敏感、固执、情绪稳定性差。     

超临界连续GAS过程制备对苯二酚超细颗粒

针对传统RESS过程中存在着颗粒质量和产量问题,本文分别以超临界CO2作为溶剂在萘的固态和熔融状态下利用RESS过程制备了萘的超细颗粒,研究了萘在固态和熔融态下各种操作变量,如萃取温度和压力、膨胀前温度和喷嘴尺寸等对产品尺寸的影响。结果表明,膨胀前温度和萃取压力的作用规律相同,提高膨胀前温度则颗粒变大,提高萃取温度,颗粒尺寸变小;而在熔融状态下反之,在该研究范围内,喷嘴尺寸的熔融态和固态下对颗粒尺寸影响不大。     

聚吡咯／聚合物固体电解质双层复合膜研究

在聚合物固体电解质（聚乙二醇不饱和聚酯网络－LiClO4)中进行吡咯聚合原位制得了聚吡咯／聚合物固体电解质双层复合膜。用扫描电镜观察复合膜的界面结构,用循环伏安和交流阻抗法研究了复合膜的电化学杂脱掺杂性能。结果表明,聚吡咯／聚合物固体电解质双层复合膜具有相互穿插渗透的固／固密接界面结构,这种界面结构改善了聚吡咯和聚俣物固体电解质间的界面接触,提高了聚吡咯在聚俣物固体电解质中的电化学掺杂脱掺杂性能。