Coxsackievirus B3 replication and persistence in intestinal cells from mice infected orally and in the human CaCo-2 cell line

Although the transmission of coxsackievirus B3 occurs mainly via the oral route, little is known about the primary replication and persistence of this agent in the intestine. To address this question, BALB/c mice were inoculated by gavage with coxsackievirus B3, Nancy strain. The mice were killed from 1 hr to 90 days after infection. The viral markers were detected in the small intestine using RT-PCR, cell culture and detection of VP1 protein. Coxsackievirus B3 was detected positive by the three methods from hr 2 to day 45 after infection. By using monoclonal antibodies directed towards VP1, CD40 and CD26, the virus was shown to be present in the lymphocytes of the mucosa as soon as 2 hr after infection; in contrast, no virus was detected in the epithelial cells lining the intestinal lumen. Further experiments were performed to evaluate the capacity of coxsackievirus B3 to establish a persistent infection in two intestinal cell lines. In contrast to HT29 cells, the CaCo-2 cells were shown to develop a persistent infection for up to 20 passages, as demonstrated by the detection of viral RNA and VP1 protein. This study provides further evidence that, after infection by the oral route, the viral particles are concentrated in the lymphocytes of the mucosal layer. In addition, the results suggest that coxsackievirus B3 is capable of establishing a persistent infection in the small intestine that may act as a reservoir of viral particles for the delayed spread of the virus to other target organs.     

Effect of estradiol on mouse uterine epithelial cell transepithelial resistance (TER)

PROBLEM: The effects of estradiol on epithelial cell function in the uterus may either be direct or indirect through the paracrine effects of underlying stromal cells. The aim of this study was to test whether estradiol-17beta (E(2)) acts directly to regulate uterine epithelial cell monolayer integrity. METHODS OF STUDY: Mouse uterine epithelial cells were isolated and grown on cell culture inserts to form confluent, polarized monolayers, as indicated by the development of high transepithelial resistance (TER). RESULTS: When polarized epithelial cells were treated with E(2), TER was significantly decreased within 24 hr of exposure. Epithelial cells remained hormonally responsive in culture for at least 10 days. In contrast to estradiol, incubation with progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone, and DHT had no effect on uterine epithelial cell TER. The ability of E(2) to decrease TER was inhibited following co-incubation with ICI 182,780, a pure estrogen receptor antagonist. To further investigate the mechanism involved in estradiol-induced decreases in TER, we tested the effect of TAPI-0, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases. Our findings indicate that TAPI-0 reversed the inhibitory effect of E(2) on TER. CONCLUSIONS: These studies demonstrate that epithelial monolayer integrity is directly influenced by E(2) and ER mediated. Further, it suggests that the mechanism through which estradiol decreases TER is mediated by matrix metalloproteinases.     

人骨髓间质干细胞向造血细胞分化潜能的实验研究

目的:在体研究人骨髓间质干细胞(hBMMSCs)向造血细胞分化的潜能。方法:将hBMMSCs经尾静脉注射给环磷酰胺处理的严重联合免疫缺陷(SCID)小鼠,利用流式激活细胞分析系统(FACS)检测hBMMSCs输注后存活35d的SCID小鼠外周血、骨髓和脾脏中人源性造血细胞的表型和水平。结果:hBMMSCs输注组外周血(PB)、骨髓(BM)和脾脏(spleen)中可检测到人CD45⁺/H-2D^d-、CD34⁺/H-2D^d-细胞,而对照组PB、BM和脾脏均未检测到上述表型的人造血细胞。结论:hBMMSCs具有向造血细胞分化的潜能。     

雌激素替代治疗大鼠海马结构PKC阳性细胞的变化

目的 :观察雌性大鼠行去势后以及雌激素替代治疗海马结构蛋白激酶C ( proteinkinaseC ,PKC)阳性细胞的变化 ,通过该模型研究绝经期后女性情绪烦躁、记忆下降等神经精神症状的分子机制。方法 :将大鼠分为对照组、去势 3个月组和去势后雌激素替代治疗 3个月组 ,用免疫组织化学方法检测海马结构PKC阳性细胞的变化。结果 :PKC阳性细胞主要分布于下托和齿状回的颗粒层 ,其中齿状回内的阳性细胞较下托的多。去势 3个月组与对照组相比 ,齿状回内的PKC阳性细胞没有显著性减少 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,下托PKC阳性细胞显著减少 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;雌激素治疗组与对照组相比 ,下托细胞数量有所减少 ,但无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :海马结构下托PKC阳性细胞的减少可能在绝经后女性情绪烦躁、记忆下降等症状中起重要的作用。     

Feeding NOD mice with pig splenocytes induces transferable mechanisms that modulate cellular and humoral xenogeneic reactions against pig spleen or islet cells

We have reported previously that oral administration of pig cells to NOD mice modified xenogeneic cellular response against pig islet cells (PICs), and hypothesized that it may have induced active suppression. This preliminary report evaluated only the effect of feeding pig cells by 'primary' proliferation, i.e. when splenocytes from fed mice are confronted with pig cells in vitro. The present study also considered 'secondary' proliferation and cytokine production after feeding and subsequent in vivo graft of pig cells. Additionally, serum IgM and IgG isotypes were quantified by ELISA using pig target cells. Induction of active mechanism by feeding was hypothetical, which led us here to transfer splenocytes from mice fed pig spleen cells (PSC) and evaluate 'primary' (after transfer) and 'secondary' (after transfer and subsequent graft of pig cells) proliferations and cytokine secretions in recipient mice. We also determined whether the effects of feeding pig cells persisted after depression of suppressor mechanisms by cyclophosphamide. Mice fed with PSC displayed increased 'primary' splenocyte proliferation to PSC or PIC (P < 0.0001), while 'secondary' responses were decreased (P < 0.03) in those fed PSC and subsequently grafted with PSC. The increased 'primary' and decreased 'secondary' proliferations were reduced (P < 0.04) by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide. The IL-10/ and IL-4/IFNgamma ratios produced in response to PSC increased (P < 0.04) in mice fed and grafted with PSC compared to those grafted only with PSC. IgM and IgG levels against pig cells were, respectively, increased (P < 0.04) and decreased (P < 0.04) in mice fed and grafted with PSC. IgG2a and IgG2b, but not IgG1, levels were lower (P < 0.01). These effects of feeding PSC on 'secondary' proliferation, cytokine and antibody productions, were not detected when mice were fed PSC only after graft with PSC. Transfer with splenocytes from mice fed PSC increased 'primary' proliferation of splenocytes from recipient mice in response to PSC (P < 0.02) or PIC (P < 0.05). After transfer with splenocytes from PSC-fed mice and graft with PSC, 'secondary' proliferation to pig cells were reduced (P < 0.04), and the IL-10/IFNgamma ratio produced in response to PSC was increased fourfold. Thus, oral administration of PSC induces active transferable mechanisms, characterized by a biphasic pattern with early increased 'primary' xenogeneic cellular reactions to both PSC and PIC, followed by decreased 'secondary' responsiveness and a concomitant shift of the Th1/Th2 balance towards greater Th2 influence. Decreased responsiveness may be due to active suppression, even though induction of anergy or deletion cannot be excluded.     

骨髓间质干细胞对MPP+损伤离体大鼠纹状体－黑质脑片的作用

目的：探讨骨髓间质干细胞对MPP＋损伤的离体黑质－纹状体脑片多巴胺能神经元的保护作用。〖HTH〗方法：建立MPP＋损伤的离体脑片模型。取成年大鼠骨髓，培养、分离和纯化骨髓间质干细胞。将骨髓间质干细胞与离体脑片联合培养，通过免疫组化和电镜等方法观察骨髓间质干细胞对联合培养的MPP＋损伤脑片的保护作用。〖HTH〗结果： MPP＋可造成离体黑质－纹状体脑片的细胞大量死亡，但与MSCs联合培养7 d，脑片周围神经轴突生长增多，脑片中的细胞死亡减少、超微结构损伤减轻、表达TH阳性的细胞数目增多（P<0.05）。〖HTH〗结论：MSCs在体外能促进受损的黑质-纹状体脑片多巴胺能神经元存活，可望用于帕金森病的移植治疗。     

乌苯美司下调c-myc表达与其增强全反式维甲酸诱导NB4细胞

目的： 了解氨肽酶抑制剂乌苯美司（bestatin）能否增强全反式维甲酸（ATRA）对NB4细胞的诱导分化作用，及此过程中NB4细胞c-myc mRNA表达水平的改变。 方法： MTT法检测药物抑制细胞生长的作用。流式细胞仪测细胞表面分化抗原CD11b及四氮唑蓝（NBT）还原实验检测NB4细胞的分化。RT-PCR检测细胞c-myc mRNA表达水平。 结果： 50 mg/L、75 mg/L、100 mg/L乌苯美司与10 nmoL/L ATRA联合处理72 h，均能明显增强NB4细胞的NBT还原能力，与10 nmoL/L ATRA组差异显著（P<0.05，P<0.01）。从48 h到96 h，100 mg/L乌苯美司时间依赖性地增强10 nmoL/L ATRA诱导NB4细胞的NBT还原能力，与相应时点10 nmoL/L ATRA组差异明显（P<0.01）。100 mg/L乌苯美司与10 nmoL/L ATRA联合应用72 h，NB4细胞CD11b表达率明显高于10 nmoL/L ATRA组（P<0.01）。50 mg/L、75 mg/L、100 mg/L乌苯美司与10 nmoL/L ATRA联合处理4 h，NB4细胞c-myc mRNA表达水平明显低于单用ATRA组（P<0.05，P<0.01）；药物联合应用各组NB4细胞的c-myc mRNA表达水平与NBT还原能力之间呈负相关（r=-0.917,P<0.05）。 结论： 乌苯美司可能通过下调NB4细胞c-myc mRNA的表达，从而增强ATRA诱导NB4细胞分化的作用。     

降钙素基因相关肽通过ERK1/2信号通路对角质形成细胞增殖的影响

目的： 研究降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）对角质形成细胞增殖活性的影响，并探讨其可能涉及的信号转导通路。方法： ①胸腺嘧啶掺入法（［3H］-TdR）观察CGRP诱导的角质形成细胞株HaCaT细胞增殖，及CGRP受体拮抗剂CGRP8-37、细胞外信号调节激酶ERK1/2特异性抑制剂PD98059对CGRP诱导的增殖活性的影响；②免疫印迹技术观察CGRP诱导后ERK1/2的磷酸化，及CGRP8-37、PD98059对ERK1/2磷酸化的影响。结果： ①CGRP在一定范围内可剂量依赖性地诱导HaCaT细胞增殖，该作用可被CGRP8-37和 PD98059阻断；②CGRP可时间依赖性地诱导HaCaT细胞ERK1/2的磷酸化，CGRP8-37和PD98059可减弱其作用。结论： CGRP可诱导HaCaT细胞增殖，CGRP受体及其相关的ERK1/2信号通路参与其调控机制。     

毛细胞PMCA2在小鼠内耳Ca2+调节和听觉平衡中的作用

目的： 研究小鼠内耳毛细胞细胞膜Ca²⁺-ATP酶2型蛋白（PMCA2）在听觉平衡生理中的作用及意义。 方法：利用不同基因型小鼠PMCA2^-/-(突变纯合子)、PMCA2^+/-(杂合子)和PMCA2^+/+(野生型)为实验对象，采用听觉脑干反应(ABR)、畸变产物耳声发射(DPOAE)和耳蜗内电位(EP)检测等方法，分别检测不同基因型小鼠的内耳生理功能。结果：PMCA2^+/+野生型鼠的听力正常，ABR的短声(click)阈值为(13.75±11.08)dB SPL；EP均值为(91.3±11.0)mV。PMCA2^+/-杂合子小鼠听力低于同窝PMCA2^+/+野生型鼠，ABR的短声阈值为(63.89±12.90)dB SPL，与PMCA2^+/+小鼠比较差异显著(P<0.01)；PMCA2^+/-小鼠没有检测出DPOAE的高频区辐值，其EP均值为(80.7±9.0)mV。PMCA2^-/-小鼠的ABR在100 dB SPL无反应，表现出全聋和平衡功能失调，其EP均值为(56.6±13.0)mV；PMCA2^-/-小鼠没有检测出DPOAEs。结论：PMCA2是内耳毛细胞纤毛丛上的重要Ca²⁺转运通道，对维持内耳的Ca²⁺代谢和听觉平衡功能有重要作用。     

大鼠急性心肌梗死后骨髓干细胞归巢于缺血心肌的时间窗研究

目的：初探心肌梗死后骨髓干细胞归巢于心肌组织的时间窗。 方法： 110只大鼠随机分为4组，GM-CSF干预组(n=40)皮下注射GM-CSF (50 μg/kg/d) 5 d，对照组(n=40)皮下注射同等剂量生理盐水，GM-CSF干预假手术组(n=15)，对照假手术组(n=15)，结扎左冠状动脉前降支复制急性心肌梗塞动物模型，同时复制假手术模型。各组在心梗后1 、3 、5 、10 d免疫组化法观察心肌组织中归巢的ckit+细胞数量，28 d测定血压、室内压及±dp/dt值变化，观察两组大鼠瘢痕组织修复差异。 结果： ①心梗后28 d GM-CSF干预组心功能显著高于对照组(P<0.05)；②GM-CSF干预组瘢痕组织横径显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，梗死区平均心肌面积显著高于对照组(P<0.05)；③GM-CSF干预组与对照组1，3，5 d均有ckit+细胞归巢现象，以第5 d最为密集，第10 d未再有新归巢的ckit+细胞，GM-CSF干预组各时点ckit+细胞归巢数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论： 骨髓干细胞归巢的时间窗为心梗后10 d以内。