Relationship between sol–gel conditions and enzyme stability: a case study with β-galactosidase/silica biocatalyst for whey hydrolysis

The sol–gel process has been very useful for preparing active and stable biocatalysts, with the possibility of being reused. Especially those based on silica are well known. However, the study of the enzyme behavior during this process is not well understood until now and more, if the surfactant is involved in the synthesis mixture. This work is devoted to the encapsulation of β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans in silica by sol–gel process, assisted by non-ionic Triton X-100 surfactant. The correlation between enzyme activity results for the β-galactosidase in three different environments (soluble in buffered aqueous reference solution, in the silica sol, and entrapment on the silica matrix) explains the enzyme behavior under stress conditions offered by the silica sol composition and gelation conditions. A stable β-galactosidase/silica biocatalyst is obtained using sodium silicate, which is a cheap source of silica, in the presence of non-ionic Triton X-100, which avoids the enzyme deactivation, even at 40 °C. The obtained biocatalyst is used in the whey hydrolysis for obtaining high value products from this waste. The preservation of the enzyme stability, which is one of the most important challenges on the enzyme immobilization through the silica sol–gel, is achieved in this study.     

不同冠心病血清soL—CXCL16，soL—ICAM1及hsCRP水平研究

目的探讨不同冠心病血清．soLCXCL16,soLICAM1及hsCRP水平及l临床意义。方法选取冠心病患者61例,其中急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者30例（ACS组）,稳定型心绞痛（SAP）患者31例（SAP组）,另选30例正常志愿者作为正常对照组。所有患者均检测soLCXCL16,soL—ICAM1及hsCRP水平。并随访6个月的主要不良心血管病事件（MACE）。结果ACS组比SAP组有较高的,soL（、XcL16（P〈0．05）,soL—ICAM1（P〈001）及hsCRP（P〈0．05）水平,且2组均显著性高于正常对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。CXCL16与hsCRP、TG、CHO、LDL,存在相关性,而与其他指标均无相关性;但在ACS组、soL—CXCI．16与mLICAM1有相关性,与其他指标无相关性。结论检测soLCXCL16、soL—ICAM1及hsCRt’水平对冠心病有一定的临床诊断和预测意义。     

In vivo evaluation of bioactive glass foams associated with platelet-rich plasma in bone defects

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of bioactive glass foams produced by the sol-gel process, associated or not with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), in the regeneration of bone defects. Mongrel dogs (n = 14) were divided into two groups after having their superior first premolar removed. A small piece of vestibular bone from the alveolus was intentionally removed. The area was filled with bioactive glass foam produced by the sol-gel method. Two groups were tested: group A was the glass foam; group B was the same material associated with PRP, prepared from each animal. The other side of alveolar bone was used as a control group, in which the bone defect did not receive any biomaterial. The thickness of the bone area was measured before and after the intervention. After a period of 60 days implantation, the right and left bones were measured again, and a bone biopsy on both regions was conducted for histological analysis. The findings show an increase of bone thickness for both materials implanted compared to the control group. Group B, implanted with bioactive glass foam associated with PRP, showed a thicker bone area compared to Group A. Histological results indicate bone formation for both materials used. However, the bioactive glass associated with PRP gave rise to a more mature bone formation. These results show that bioactive glass foams processed by a sol-gel method is effective in maintaining the thickness of the alveolar ridge, and the use of PRP associated with the foams improve bone formation.     

A bioactive sol-gel glass implant for in vivo gentamicin release. Experimental model in Rabbit.

Biomaterial pieces with osteogenic properties, suitable for use in the treatment of bone defects, were synthesized. The materials, which avoid bone infections, are exclusively composed of gentamicin sulfate and bioactive SiO2-CaO-P2O5 sol-gel glass (synthesized previously), and were manufactured by means of uniaxial and isostatic pressure of the mixed components. After implanting the pieces into rabbit femur, we studied (1) antibiotic release, determining the concentration in proximal and distal bone, liver, kidney, and lung as a function of time, and (2) bone growth as a consequence of the glass reactivity in the biological environment. The results demonstrated that the implants are good carriers for local gentamicin release into the local osseous tissue, where they show excellent biocompatibility and bone integration. Moreover, these implants are able to promote bone growth during the resorption process.     

AFM研究Sol—Gel法制备的TiO2和Al2O3—TiO2—SiO2涂腊有面形貌

载玻片在金属醇化物的溶胶中浸涂、热处理，获得厚度为５０～９０ｎｍ的ＴｉＯ２和ＸＡｌ２Ｏ３－ＹＴｉＯ２－ＺＳｉＯ２涂膜（Ｘ＝０～３０，Ｙ＝０．２５～０．６０，Ｚ＝０．２０～０．６５，摩尔分数）。使用原子力显微镜（ＡＦＭ）研究涂膜表面纳米范围的形貌。研讨了化学组成，热处理温度与时间，以及热处理前或后的贮存史对表面形貌，ｒｍｓ－均方根粗糙度和锐钛矿结晶的影响。     

TiO2溶胶掺杂改性高折光复合材料的制备及性能

以2,5-二巯基噻二唑、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)、对苯二甲醇和甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯（HEMA）为主要原料制备紫外光固化预聚物;以钛酸丁酯（TBT）为前驱体,以硅烷偶联剂(KH570)为改性剂,采用溶胶 凝胶法制得均一、稳定的TiO2溶胶;采用紫外光固化的方式将紫外光固化预聚物与TiO2溶胶进行杂化制得TiO2溶胶掺杂改性的高折光复合材料。通过红外光谱、纳米粒度分析、热重分析、阿贝折光仪、紫外 可见分光光度计、X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜等表征手段对制备的紫外光固化预聚物、TiO2溶胶和TiO2溶胶掺杂改性的高折光复合材料的相关性能进行分析。结果表明：通过紫外光固化的方式能使TiO2溶胶比较均匀地分散在紫外光固化预聚物中,得到TiO2溶胶掺杂改性的高折光复合材料;随着TiO2溶胶掺杂量的增加,复合材料的裂解温度、冲击强度均有一定的提高;当掺杂TiO2溶胶的质量分数为1.25%时,复合材料透明且折光率高达1.841。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备莫来石纤维过程中MgO的影响

以异丙醇铝、硝酸铝、正硅酸乙酯为原料,采用溶胶 凝胶法制备莫来石纤维,利用扫描电镜、TGA分析仪、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱等分析仪器,研究了莫来石纤维的形成过程。MgO添加剂通过硝酸镁分解导入。XRD和IR分析结果表明,最终纤维产物主晶相为莫来石,MgO的加入可以显著降低凝胶纤维转化为莫来石纤维的温度,加入质量分数为1%的MgO可以使莫来石析晶温度降低100 ℃。通过扫描电镜观察纤维形貌发现,当MgO加入量较低时,纤维表面光滑且直径约为20 μm,无明显缺陷,但是加入量过多会影响成品纤维的表面形貌。综合考虑,适宜的MgO质量分数为1%,既可降低莫来石析晶温度,又可获得形貌良好的莫来石纤维。     

羟基磷灰石和二氧化钛纳米粒子溶胶的血液相容性

羟基磷灰石 (HAP)和二氧化钛 (TiO2 )纳米粒子是两种具有潜在应用前景的生物材料。本文通过溶血实验、小鼠出血和凝血时间、凝血酶原时间 (PT)和白陶土部分凝血活酶时间 (PTT)测定等对两种纳米粒子溶胶的血液相容性行了初步评价。结果显示 ,HAP纳米粒子溶胶、溶血实验阴性 ,显著延长小鼠的出血、凝血时间和大鼠白陶土部分凝血活酶时间和凝血酶原时间。TiO2 纳米粒子溶胶对小鼠的出、凝血时间无影响 ,溶血实验阴性。对大鼠白陶土部分凝血活酶时间和凝血酶原时间也无影响。两种纳米粒子溶胶均可使体外家兔红细胞发生凝聚。上述实验不同的结果主要与使用了不同的稳定剂有关 :HAP稳定剂为肝素 ,TiO2 稳定剂为聚氯乙烯 (PVC)。提示 ,在考虑纳米粒子溶胶的生物学应用前景时 ,除了纳米粒子本身的性质 ,筛选具备生物学惰性的稳定剂也是不容忽视的问题     

Cytocompatibility of Highly Dispersed Nano Hydroxyapatite Sol

Nano hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals were prepared and dispersed in water to form HA sol by simple methods. The cytotoxicity of the sols were tested by MTT assay and lymphocytotoxicity test. Results show that the average secondary particle size of the sol containing uncalcined HA crystals is around 750 nm, within micrograde; while the sol of calcined HA contains over 88% nanoparticles with the size between 65～86 nm, in which nano HA crystals are highly dispersed. Both the HA sols have no toxicity on the proliferation of 3T3 cells and lymphocytes. It demonstrates that the nano sol is safe for the application of drug delivery.