吸烟与中风病中医证候的相关性研究

目的探讨吸烟与中风病中医证候的相关性。方法制定调查表,由临床中医师采集中风病患者的临床资料并辨证,然后双人、双盲录入到数据库,导出数据后统计分析。将中风病患者分为吸烟组和非吸烟组,分别对两组的中医证候进行统计分析。结果吸烟组中风病患者年龄(64.7±0.7)岁,小于非吸烟组(69.5±0.5)岁,吸烟组中风病患者风痰阻络证的比例(61.4%),高于非吸烟组(51.9%)。结论吸烟使中风病的发病年龄提前,与中风病风痰阻络证的形成有关。     

Effect of nicotine on placental ischemia-induced complement activation and hypertension in the rat

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific condition manifested by new-onset maternal hypertension with systemic inflammation, including increased innate immune system complement activation. While exact pathophysiology is unknown, evidence suggests that inadequate spiral artery invasion and resulting utero-placental insufficiency is the initiating event. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy decreases the risk of preeclampsia. Nicotine, a major component of cigarettes, stimulates the efferent cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway through peripherally expressed nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and is known to attenuate ischemia–reperfusion injury in kidney and liver. Prior studies indicated that complement activation was critical for placental ischemia-induced hypertension in a rat model. Thus, it was hypothesized here that nicotine was responsible for the protective effect of cigarette smoking in preeclampsia and would attenuate placental ischemia-induced systemic complement activation and hypertension. The Reduced Utero-placental Perfusion Pressure (RUPP) model in the pregnant rat was employed to induce placental ischemia, resulting in complement activation, fetal resorptions, and hypertension. On gestation day (GD)14, nicotine (1?mg/kg) or saline was administered via subcutaneous injection prior to RUPP surgery and daily through GD18. On GD19, placental ischemia significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) in saline injected animals. However, the placental ischemia-induced increase in blood pressure was not evident in nicotine-treated animals and nicotine treatment significantly increased MAP variability. Circulating C3a was measured as an indicator of complement activation and increased C3a in RUPP compared to Sham persisted with nicotine treatment, as did fetal resorptions. These data suggested to us that nicotine may contribute to the decreased risk of preeclampsia with cigarette smoking, but this protective effect was confounded by additional effects of nicotine on the cardiovascular system.     

Chronic perfusion changes and reduction in preeclampsia incidence in pregnant smokers: an ophthalmic artery Doppler study

Objective: Our aim was to investigate the hemodynamic profile of the ophthalmic artery in preeclamptic women, pregnant smokers and pregnant controls with no known diseases.

Study design: A prospective cross-sectional study using the performed ophthalmic artery Doppler ultrasonography in 20 mild preeclamptic women and 20 severe preeclamptic women, 37 pregnant smokers and 51 controls. Data evaluated by using Doppler ultrasonography were as follows: resistance index, pulsatility index, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, second peak systolic velocity and peak ratio. The Doppler results, gestational age, patient age and systolic and diastolic pressure of groups were subjected to analysis of variance (p?<?0.05).

Results: Both groups of preeclamptic women presented significant orbital hyperperfusion (resistance index: 0.64?±?0.07 and 0.64?±?0.13, pulsatility index:1.10?±?0.26 and 1.02?±?0.30, end diastolic velocity:14.13?±?4.44 and 15.66?±?4.17), whereas pregnant smokers showed vasospasm (0.84?±?0.04, 2.27?±?0.43, 4.78?±?1.28, respectively) indicating divergent vascular pattern between these two groups (p?<?0.01) and differences between each group and controls (0.78?±?0.06, 1.89?±?0.36, 7.43?±?2.71), respectively, p?<?0.01. Peak systolic velocity mean values for severe preeclamptic women was 40.36?±?5.61 cm/s, significantly higher than in all groups (34.53?±?6.82 cm/s, 31.03?±?4.72 cm/s and 34.35?±?6.43 cm/s).

Conclusion: Preeclamptic women have presented hyperperfusion whereas chronic smokers have shown hypoperfusion in ophthalmic artery. Thus, chronic flow changes in pregnant smokers might reduce the number of sudden and catastrophic events in preeclampsia.