中药色谱指纹图谱超信息特征数字化评价系统

目的介绍"中药色谱指纹图谱超信息特征数字化评价系统3.0"的组成框架和核心内容。方法该软件能给出①指纹峰特征技术参数;②色谱指纹图谱潜信息特征判据参数即以色谱指纹图谱指数F和色谱指纹图谱信息量指数I及色谱指纹图分离量指数RF等综合性指标为核心挖掘色谱指纹图谱的潜信息特征;③色谱指纹图谱定性相似度和定量相似度判据参数;④色谱指纹图谱相对统一化特征判据参数,能计算以上4类参数用于中药信息质量控制研究。结果给出①指纹峰特征技术参数15个;②色谱指纹图谱潜信息特征判据参数42个;③色谱指纹图谱定性相似度和定量相似度判据参数32个,其中定性相似度15个,定量相似度17个,使用时仅需32个参数的1到4个即可;④色谱指纹图谱相对统一化特征判据参数25个,用以上4类参数可构建详实的中药数字化指纹图谱,能清晰准确地反映和控制中药质量。结论"中药色谱指纹图谱超信息特征数字化评价系统3.0"是进行中药数字化指纹图谱研究的重要有效工具,其114个指标基本构成了数字中药质控的核心,是中药现代信息质量控制的一种最佳技术和合理选择。     

全定性全定量相似度法评价甜瓜蒂的毛细管电泳指纹图谱

目的建立甜瓜蒂的毛细管电泳指纹图谱(CEFP),考察全定性全定量相似度法评价甜瓜蒂CEFP的可行性和特征。方法采用毛细管区带电泳法,以50 mmol.L-1硼砂(含5%乙腈)为背景电解质,运行电压12 kV,紫外检测波长228 nm,以10个不同产地药材的电泳图谱建立了甜瓜蒂的对照CEFP。用全定性相似度SF和S′F、全定量相似度C%和P%分别评价甜瓜蒂CEFP。分别考察在大峰缺失和小峰缺失2种情况下,4个相似度指标变化特征。结果以葫芦素B为参照物峰,确定11个共有峰,建立了甜瓜蒂CEFP,并用"中药色谱指纹图谱超信息特征数字化评价系统3.0"计算2组全定性相似度。结果,SF能反映化学成分分布比例的相似度,受大峰影响严重,无法灵敏反映小峰的丢失;S′F对所有指纹峰等权,反映小峰缺失灵敏,两者构成全定性相似度。C%能反映样品总体含量,受大峰影响严重;P%对所有峰积分值等权,能较好反映小峰变动,两者构成全定量相似度。2组全相似度非常好地解决了中药色谱指图谱的评技术问题,毫无疑问其构成了中药色谱指纹图谱评价的技术核心。结论由SF和S′F、C%和P%构成的全定性全定量相似度法,能同时监测大峰和小峰的变动与缺失,能准确地解决色谱指纹图谱的宏观定性和定量评价的核心技术问题,所建立的CEFP可用于甜瓜蒂质量控制。     

Sequence Similarities and Evolutionary Relationships of Influenza Virus A Hemagglutinins

This study brings the analysis of amino acid sequences of hemagglutinin (HA) from the influenza virus A that can infect a wide variety of birds and mammals. 191 sequences belonging to all known 15 HA subtypes were compared. The emphasis was given on functional sites (receptor-binding cavity with its right and left edges) and degree of their conservation in each subtype. Three evolutionary trees of 15 avian HA representatives were constructed: one tree based on the alignment of the entire HA sequences and two trees based on the alignment of HA1 and HA2 chains, respectively. The results have shown that, despite low degree of sequence similarity among the 191 sequences of HA1 subunit, the active site is well conserved, and that there are only marginal differences in the clustering of the individual HA subtypes between the two subunit trees. In this respect, the subtype H9 seems to be the most fluctuating example. The proposals of the probable avian HAs that could be the closest relatives to human (mammalian) HAs were also provided for several HA subtypes.     

祖国医学解剖术语与现代医学解剖术语比较概述

目的 阐释祖国医学解剖学术语与现代医学解剖学术语的关系,使医学工作明确了解中医解剖学术语所指结构及功能等,为医学工作阅读中医古典献,学习中医提供方便。方法 查阅资料,制作卡片,按现代解剖学和系统分类,比较二异同。结果 祖国医学解剖术语不象现代医学解剖术语具有系统性。对于正常人体结构,祖国医学与现代医学有的名称,功能完全相同,有的名称相同,功能不同,有的名称不同,功能相同;有的名称,功能完全不同。结论 许多现代医学解剖术语来源于祖国医学解剖术语,二既有相同之处,又有不同之处。     

铁皮石斛种质资源DNA身份证的构建及遗传相似性分析

该研究利用中国中医科学院中药资源中心筛选出的4对简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats,SSR)引物对铁皮石斛主产区9个产地29个居群的铁皮石斛样品进行检测,4对SSR引物分别扩增出5,7,4,3条多态性带,根据不同居群的SSR指纹图谱构建DNA身份证。聚类分析可将来自29个居群样本分成四大类,且表现出较好的地域相关性,其中来自云南、贵州、四川的铁皮石斛样品聚为一类,来自安徽和广西的铁皮石斛单独聚为一类,来自广东丹霞、浙江永康、浙江乐清及泰宁的样品聚为一类。采用PopG ene(version 1. 32)软件包对29个铁皮石斛居群进行遗传相似性分析,相似系数变异在0. 403 4～1. 0。基于遗传相似系数可将不同居群铁皮石斛的遗传一致性分成A,B,C共3个等级,地理位置相近或生长地貌相似的居群遗传相似性系数较高,表明其遗传背景较为一致。本研究为铁皮石斛的品种鉴别及优良品种选育提供参考信息。     

Reducing opinion polarization: Effects of exposure to similar people with differing political views

In a large-scale, preregistered experiment on informal political communication, we algorithmically matched participants, varying two dimensions: 1) the degree of incidental similarity on nonpolitical features; and 2) their stance agreement on a contentious political topic. Matched participants were first shown a computer-generated social media profile of their match highlighting all the shared nonpolitical features; then, they read a short, personal, but argumentative, essay written by their match about the reduction of inequality via redistribution of wealth by the government. We show that support for redistribution increased and polarization decreased for participants with both mild and strong views, regardless of their political leaning. We further show that feeling close to the match is associated with an 86% increase in the probability of assimilation of political views. Our analysis also uncovers an asymmetry: Interacting with someone with opposite views greatly reduced feelings of closeness; however, interacting with someone with consistent views only moderately increased them. By extending previous work about the effects of incidental similarity and shared identity on affect into the domain of political opinion change, our results bear real-world implications for the (re)-design of social media platforms. Because many people prefer to keep politics outside of their social networks, encouraging cross-cutting political communication based on nonpolitical commonalities is a potential solution for fostering consensus on potentially divisive and partisan topics.

Political theorists have long believed that informal political discussions among peers play an important role in sustaining democracy (1). Civil and respectful exchanges on controversial topics between individuals with diverse points of view are thought to increase trust in democracy, as well as improve understanding of self and others (2–5). Unfortunately, the presumed benefits of political exchanges are limited by the observation that Americans tend to shy away from political discussions in general (6, 7), especially when they anticipate conflict (8, 9). Moreover, when people are exposed to the political opinions of strangers “in the wild,” as they are on social media platforms, discussions often degrade into incivility, thereby increasing polarization rather than reducing it (10).One potential solution to these problems is inspired by recent work on “incidental” political discussions among individuals who are already friends (11). According to the incidental model, friendship networks arise mostly out of some combination of shared social contexts (e.g., school, work, or church) (12) and mutual friendships (13), neither of which are explicitly political in nature. Conversations in these networks are therefore mostly apolitical, but occasionally stray into politics in an incidental manner. Because friendship networks exhibit greater diversity of political views than is apparent even to their members (14, 15), these incidental conversations have the effect of exposing interlocutors to diverse viewpoints. And because they take place between individuals who have other (i.e., nonpolitical) reasons to like, respect, and trust one another, incidental conversations may survive the tension of disagreement better than political conversations that are entered into by strangers and may be more likely to lead to opinion change.Although promising for reducing polarization, a significant limitation of incidental political discussions is that friendship networks, even while more heterogeneous with respect to political views than people expect (14, 15), still tend to be homogeneous relative to the general population (11). Incidental discussions between friends are therefore unlikely to expose interlocutors to large differences in opinion and hence are limited in how much change they can effect. A second limitation is that by their nature, incidental conversations are initiated in an ad hoc manner and therefore are not well suited to targeted interventions seeking to generate opinion change with respect to particular topics or among particular populations.In this paper, we build on the idea that incidental similarities between interlocutors can reduce opinion polarization in a large-scale, preregistered experiment in which participants read essays written by other participants who varied in similarity along two dimensions (Fig. 1). First, participants differed with respect to their attitudes about a “focal,” political issue: governmental redistribution of wealth. Second, they differed on a number of demographic and biographical features, such as age, gender, hometown, university, sports teams, personal interests, and idiosyncratic quirks. By systematically matching people in order to create variation in similarity with respect to personal traits, our experiment captures a key mechanism underlying the efficacy of incidental conversations, namely, that conversations occur between individuals who share experiences, preferences, and attributes that are unrelated to politics. However, the treatment we investigate goes beyond incidental conversations between friends in two respects: first, by exposing people to the views of strangers, and second, by choosing the conversation topic for them. In this way, we can examine if similarity of personal background (e.g., coming from the same city or supporting the same football team) leads to subjective feelings of closeness and, if so, whether these feelings lead to openness to differing viewpoints and ultimately to opinion change. In addition, systematically varying the similarity of viewpoints allows us to sidestep a limitation of incidental conversations and measure the differential and potentially asymmetric effects of disagreement as well as agreement. Do matches who disagree by a wide margin update their stances more than matches who are in close agreement, or the reverse? And does one side of the issue update more than the other when matched with an opposite- or similar-stance partner?Open in a separate windowFig. 1.Conceptual illustration of the matching procedure. Our 2 × 2 experimental design assigned a partner to each participant by systematically varying two dimensions: 1) the degree of incidental similarity over a large set of nonpolitical features, and 2) their agreement on a political issue (i.e., inequality reduction via government redistribution).Our hypothesis that sharing biographical characteristics with a stranger should engender feelings of closeness and that these feelings, in turn, could facilitate agreement on some contentious political issue is supported by two related, but distinct, theoretical traditions. First, a long line of research dating back to Heider (16) has examined the effects of incidental similarities on affect and, in turn, behavior. Attitudinal similarity has been found to produce large increases in attraction, as well as higher evaluations of intelligence and morality (17). Sharing biographical features, such as a birthday or letters of one’s name, has been found to increase compliance with a request (18), to increase motivation on some achievement-oriented tasks, such as solving a math problem (19), or to improve group performance (20). And sharing idiosyncratic interests (e.g., favorite book, band, or food) has been found to lead to shared emotional stress (21), increased interest in an out-group’s culture (22), and greater trust in negotiations (23).A second line of work dating back to Allport et al. (24) has examined the effects of positive intergroup contact on prejudice and affective polarization. For example, the Common Ingroup Identity Model (25) contends that cooperative interactions between out-group members leads to recategorization as members of a larger, more inclusive in-group, which, in turn, can reduce out-group prejudice. Although our design does not induce actual contact between individuals, recent work has found that similar effects can be generated through imagined contact or via priming with unifying themes. For example, asking survey respondents to imagine having positive or cooperative interaction with a member of the other party reduces affective polarization (26–28). Alternatively, reminding survey respondents of their common identity as Americans has been found to increase liking across partisan lines (29), where a similar effect was also observed in the immediate temporal vicinity of external events, such as US Independence Day and the Beijing Olympics, that arouse feelings of national identity.Although this work offers general theoretical motivation for our hypothesis, our contribution builds upon previous studies in some important respects. First, whereas prior studies on incidental similarity have generally studied the effect of sharing a single characteristic or some fixed number of characteristics, here, we construct a numerical similarity score from a large basket of demographic and biographical items and then systematically vary the level of pairwise similarity along a range. Second, whereas in prior work, differences in political orientation were fixed, here, we vary them also, allowing us to measure the interaction between focal and nonfocal (dis)similarity on opinion change. Third, whereas in previous work, the manipulation was generally artificial (e.g., imagined contact, confederates, etc.), in our case, all people are real, and all the information is truthful and accurate. Fourth, whereas prior work on polarization has focused on affect directly, here, we are interested in changes in opinion with regard to some focal political issue. Finally, in addition to studying the effect of incidental similarity on perceived closeness and opinion change, we also study the converse effect, namely, that of exposure to similar or opposing views on perceptions of closeness.     

颊针面针之异同浅议

[目的]分析颊针与面针的异同,拓宽面部全息微针疗法治疗思路,更好地应用于临床。[方法]查阅相关资料,从颊针与面针的起源发展、脏腑肢体分布、临床应用等方面分析两者异同。[结果]相同点:颊针与面针都属于面部全息微针系统针法。不同点:(1)起源:面针源于《灵枢·五色》,结合生物全息理论;颊针吸取了中医学的气街、经络、大三焦理论和现代医学的心身理论、全息理论。(2)脏腑肢体分布:面针的脏腑肢体分布主要集中在面部中轴线上及两侧颊部;颊针的脏腑肢体分布主要集中在两侧颊部。(3)取穴原则:面针在肢体疼痛方面选取相应肢体穴位,并根据疼痛对应"皮脉肉筋骨"不同层次选取相应的脏腑穴位,内科疾病根据中医脏腑生理、病理相关理论选穴;颊针主要根据全息对应和三焦理论取穴。(4)操作方法:面针针刺得气后留针10～30分钟,每隔5～10分钟运针1次;颊针不追求针感,较少使用手法,留针20～40分钟。(5)应用范围,面针主要应用于躯体疼痛、麻醉镇痛和脏腑功能调整,颊针多用于躯体、内脏疼痛。[结论]面针与颊针均属面部全息微针系统,两者理论及临床应用有一定差异,可相互补充,提高临床疗效。     

Multi-level modelling of physical activity in nuclear families

Background: Few studies focus on the different dyadic relations among family members to study physical activity (PA) levels.

Aim: The aim was to investigate predictors and sources of variance of PA levels in nuclear families using multi-level modelling.

Subjects and methods: The sample consisted of 2661 Portuguese four-member nuclear families (10?644 subjects). PA was measured using a questionnaire and socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed by parental occupation. Height and weight were measured in children, while parents self-reported their values.

Results: The results showed that intra-generational similarities were higher than inter-generational, with correlation values of 0.26 and 0.10, respectively. SES was unrelated to any family members’ PA level. Being male (β?=?0.26, t?=?21.77), being older (β?=??0.36, t?=??4.73) and greater BMI for mothers (β?=?0.02, t?=?2.55) had effects on individuals’ PA.

Conclusion: These results suggest a strong dyadic resemblance in PA, showed different effects of gender, age and BMI on individuals’ PA and demonstrated that multi-level modelling is a useful strategy to study PA in families.     

Familial biochemical patterns: III. Hemoglobin levels in the dentist and his wife

Five hundred and sixteen adult subjects were divided into three groups—172 dentists, their 172 wives and 172 other women aged‐paired to the wives—who were studied in terms of similarities in their hemoglobin levels. The data reveal a statistically significant coefficient of correlation (r= +0.317) only in the married couples. This together with a higher correlation in the older (r=+0.347) versus the younger (r=+0.275) couples indicates the possible influence of environmental forces. It is concluded that husbands and wives become alike chemically largely because they have similar social (alcohol, tobacco), dietary, sleeping and exercise habits and are subjected to similar psychic stresses.     

用HPLC指纹图谱对复方丹参片的信息质量控制研究

目的采用双定性双定量相似度等46个参数作为评价的信息参量，以建立复方丹参片（CSMTs）HPLC指纹图谱的信息质量控制方法。方法采用反相HPLC法以Century SIL C18 BDS柱（200mm×4．6mm，5μm）；以1％醋酸水1％醋酸甲醇为流动相梯度洗脱，紫外检测波长290nm，柱温（30．00±0．15）℃，进样量5μL。以双定性相似度为参量通过对20批CSMTs进行系统聚类分析确定用其中10批生成CSMT对照指纹图谱（RFP），以此RFP为标准计算20批CSMTs的双定性双定量相似度，据此进行宏观定性定量质量评价；以色谱指纹图谱指数F等42个信息参量进行信息质量特征评价。结果以丹酚酸B（SAB）为参照物峰，确定40个指纹峰，建立了CSMTs的HPLC指纹图谱。用双定性和双定量相似度评价8批样品的化学成分数量、分布比例和含量都合格，5批双定性相似度不合格，其他7批含量都明显偏低。结论在OTC中随机选择的20批CSMTs，用HPLC指纹图谱鉴定完全合格品8批，双定性相似度不合格品5批及双定量相似度不合格品7批。因此所建立的CSMTs的HPLc指纹图谱可用于CSMTs生产质量控制。本研究证明用中药色谱指纹图谱技术结合多变量参数控制中药复方制剂质量的信息质量控制方法可行且准确可靠。