空心钉经皮微创内固定技术治疗骨盆环损伤的疗效评价

目的：评价经皮微创空心钉固定骨盆环损伤的安全性及可靠性。方法：对48例不稳定骨盆环损伤患者，分别行闭合复位、经皮微创空心钉内固定术。按Tile分型：B1型4例，B2．1型8例，B2．2型10例，B3型4例，C1型11例，C2型7例，C3型4例。39例前后环损伤均固定，4例仅固定前环损伤，5例仅固定后环损伤。以术前骨盆的三位x线片（前后位、入口位及出口位）及CT片判断骨盆的稳定性及移位情况，术后以x线片及CT片评估复位情况及螺钉位置准确性。结果：手术时间15～95min，平均55min。术中出血量15～150ml，平均60ml，术中及术后无输血。48例患者共植入空心钉157枚，每人2～8枚，平均3．3枚。术后行骨盆CT检查42例（共植入135枚空心钉），发现123枚空心钉位置准确，占91．11％；7枚空心钉因偏向或超长而侵入盆腔或髋臼（但均〈0．5em）；5枚位置偏差干扰骶管或骶孔，但均未引起任何症状。随访8～49个月，平均13个月，45例患者骨盆环移位复位满意，所有骨折均Ⅰ期愈合。40例恢复原工作，4例末次随访时尚处康复期，其余4例因坐骨神经损伤或下肢截肢而不再工作。参照Lindahl改良的骨盆损伤后功能评定标准，优35例，良10例，可3例，平均得分78.7分。结论：在对骨盆环及其毗邻血管神经的解剖结构熟练掌握的基础上，结合良好的透视引导，闭合复位经皮微创空心钉内固定治疗不稳定骨盆环损伤安全可行，疗效满意。     

超声引导金属弹簧圈定位乳腺肿块的临床应用

目的探讨乳腺肿块金属弹簧圈标记的临床应用价值。方法对13例触诊不清的乳腺良性肿块,41例新辅助化疗的乳腺癌,在超声引导下行术前边界定位及肿块标记。事先测量好肿块最大直径,选择相应长度的金属弹簧圈,通过18G穿刺针,用导丝准确将弹簧圈放入肿物最大切面两极。41例乳腺癌定位后继续化疗2~3个周期。结果13例触诊不清的乳腺良性肿块连同其内的弹簧圈被准确、完整切除。41例乳腺癌中,术后弹簧圈周边即肿物切缘病理未见残留癌细胞术前化疗期间,经超声观察,39例肿块缩小,其中9例术前超声显示肿物边界已显示不清,只显示金属弹簧圈,这其中3例术后肿物连续病理切片,证实未见癌细胞。结论超声引导下金属弹簧圈肿物边缘定位,对触诊不清的乳腺肿块边界定位是一种新方法。特别是对于术前化疗的乳腺癌患者,在肿块超声随访、化疗疗效评价以及指导术后病理取材部位等方面有更实用的临床意义。     

脊柱钉棒系统治疗骨盆后环损伤

目的探索脊柱钉棒系统应用于骨盆后环损伤治疗的效果。方法对36例骨盆后环损伤，按照Denis分型，Ⅰ型20例，Ⅱ型12例，Ⅲ型4例。按照Tile分型，B3型16例，C1型10例，C2型6例，C3型4例。应用脊柱钉棒系统固定治疗，将万向椎弓根钉从双侧髂后上棘处开槽置入髂骨后部内外板间，钉尾沉于骨质内，连接棒通过双侧骶棘肌隧道放置固定后，在骨盆后环处形成一个强有力的“内支架”有效固定。结果30例获得6～18个月随访，平均11个月，患者均无螺钉松动、断棒、骶髂关节再次脱位及内固定物引起的血管、神经损伤并发症。按刘利民等功能评定标准，优15例，良13例，中2例。结论脊柱钉棒系统治疗骨盆后环损伤，固定有效牢靠，操作简便，无需复杂定位，创伤小，恢复快，无透视条件的基层单位也可行手术，极有推广价值。     

经口咽齿突切除结合H—V环复位治疗重度陈旧性寰枢椎脱位

目的：探讨经口咽齿突切除结合H－V环复位治疗重度陈旧性寰枢椎脱位的方法及重度寰枢椎脱位的病理机制。方法：对2例重度陈旧性寰枢椎脱位患者采用经口咽齿突切除前方松解、减压,结合H－V环缓慢复位,二期行后路减压枕颈融合方法治疗。结果：1例术前Frankel C级恢复至正常,1例术前Frankel C级恢复至D级。结论：重度陈旧性寰枢椎脱位,在寰椎前弓与枢椎体间形成纤维组织增生,这种纤维连接使寰枢椎相对趋向稳定是障碍复位的主要因素。结合H－V环缓慢牵引,复位制动,经口咽入路行齿突切除前方松解减压,二期行后路减压枕颈融合,确能从前后方解除致压因素,结合H－V环制动、复位能够保障复位和手术过程中头颈部的运动在H－V环控制下,对手术和复位提供了极大的安全保证。     

Prospective Study Comparing Two Brands of Cohesive Gel Breast Implants with Anatomic Shape: 5-Year Follow-Up Evaluation

BACKGROUND : The new generation of breast implants has an anatomic shape. These implants are made with a textured shell and filled with a cohesive silicone gel. Available since 1993 except in the United States, these implants are gaining in popularity for breast enlargement and reconstruction. This prospective, randomized, controlled, and blinded study was designed to compare mid- and long-term results with the use of cohesive gel-filled implants from two different manufacturers: Style 410 of the McGhan brand (MG) made by Allergan and Vertex made by Eurosilicone (ES). METHODS: From May 1997 to May 1999, 80 women underwent breast augmentation: 40 with Style 410 implants (MG) and 40 with Vertex implants (ES). All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon (I.N.). Another physician (G.J.) interviewed and examined 64 of these women (80%) 4 to 6 years (median, 5 years) after implantation. In addition, 10 patients responded to the same questionnaire and were interviewed by phone, bringing the follow-up rate to 92.5%. RESULTS: Overall, satisfaction was high, with 98.6% of the patients evaluated after 4 to 6 years "very satisfied" or "satisfied" with the result in general. Approximately 20% of the patients who responded judged their breasts to be firmer than desirable. Breast augmentation classification (BAC) was used to grade the breast firmness of the 64 patients examined by G. J. At examination, 24% of patients had soft breasts, 53% had slightly firm breasts, and 23% had moderately firm breasts. That last category also was classified as capsular contracture. No patient was graded as having very hard breasts (BAC 4). Skin sensitivity of the breast adjacent to the incision was altered for 25% of the patients. The implant rotated in four patients (5%). Breast firmness, implant palpability, nipple sensitivity, and skin sensitivity were further analyzed by implant location (submuscular vs subglandular) and implant size (volume). Frequency of the breast asymmetries and the impact of augmentation on asymmetric breasts also was studied. All these analyses were performed with the entire pool of examined patients who answered the follow-up questionnaire. Data also were analyzed by distinguishing between results of the two each implant manufacturers. The results showed no difference between the Eurosilicone and McGhan implants except for the self-evaluation of "breast consistency" by the patient. A higher percentage of patients with the Vertex implants than with the McGhan implants reported that their breast was "firmer than desired." CONCLUSIONS: Breast augmentation with anatomic, textured, cohesive silicone gel-filled implants is a reliable procedure with consistently good results. The results also show that candidates for breast enlargement should be informed that their implanted breast may feel firmer than their natural breasts. They also may experience reduced sensation of their nipple or breast skin.     

术前三维CT理想钉道测量辅助置入经皮骶髂螺钉

目的探讨术前三维CT理想钉道测量在经皮骶髂螺钉置入中的临床价值。方法 15例骨盆后环损伤行CT三维重建后,在三维图像上设计骶髂螺钉的理想钉道(进钉点为髂前上棘与髂后上棘连线的中后1/3处,通过S1椎弓根中轴线)。在出口位及入口位上,测量理想钉道的进钉角度(∠A、∠B)。术中C臂机射线投照方向与术前三维图像测量时的位置保持一致,参照所测角度置入克氏针,并测量术中C臂机图像上克氏针进针角度(∠a、∠b),然后置入螺钉。按Mears复位标准评价骨折复位情况;根据CT图像判断螺钉的穿透情况;采用Majeed功能评分进行临床评价。结果 15例患者术前在三维图像的骨盆出口位及入口位上理想钉道进钉角度(∠A、∠B)分别为1°~19°(7.9°±5.8°)、1°~9°(5.6°±2.8°),术中在C臂机透视下骨盆出口位及入口位上测量克氏针进钉角度(∠a、∠b)分别为1°~21°(8.4°±4.9°)、1°~15°(6.9°±4.5°),两者间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。共置入18枚螺钉。15例均获随防,时间5~35(14.2±5.1)个月。无医源性血管、神经损伤,无螺钉断裂发生。Mears标准评价骨折复位情况:解剖复位8例,满意复位7例。根据CT图像判断螺钉的穿透情况:0级16枚,1级2枚,无2、3级穿透。Majeed功能评分:优10例,良4例,可1例。结论通过三维CT测量获得理想钉道在出口及入口位上的进钉角度,结合术中C臂机透视个体化进钉能够保证经皮置入骶髂螺钉的准确性。     

隐睾合并腹股沟疝腹腔镜手术中关闭内环口的必要性探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜治疗小儿隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝术中关闭内环口是否必要。 方法收集2009年6月至2016年5月间宜昌市第二人民医院50例隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝行腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术的患儿临床资料。腹腔镜下彻底游离精索后所有的睾丸均经腹股沟管下降至阴囊,内环口均未缝合关闭。观察手术时间、睾丸下降情况及并发症等。 结果50例患儿鞘状突均未闭合,其中腹股沟管型隐睾39例,腹腔型隐睾11例。平均手术时间72 min,所有患儿睾丸均一期下降固定于阴囊。所有病例随访时间9个月至6.5年,中位时间3年,睾丸回缩至阴囊上方3例,超声复查无一例患儿腹股沟斜疝复发。 结论隐睾合并同侧腹股沟斜疝行腹腔镜睾丸下降固定术安全、有效,术中缝合关闭内环口也许是不必要的。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射美容的临床与组织学评估

目的　探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射后并发症的临床与组织学特点。方法　对 1998年至 2 0 0 3年接诊的 5 2例在外院注射了聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶 ,并引起并发症患者的临床资料进行了总结与组织学研究。为了便于比较 ,另选 12例 1988年～ 1994年期间接受液态硅胶注射的患者取出的组织病理切片与之对照研究。结果　聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射后并发症以局部硬结最多见 ,而且多发生在注射后 1～ 2年左右时间里。人体组织对注射的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的反应为多核异物巨细胞增生 ,并形成肉芽肿。与液态硅胶比较 ,注射的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶引起组织的淋巴细胞反应弱 ,材料周围的纤维包膜较薄。机体内长期存留的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶可能会引起局部组织变性反应。结论　聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶作为软组织填充剂的安全性需要进一步研究。     

预防吻合口瘘的研究现状与进展

吻合口瘘是低位直肠癌癌前切除术的严重并发症,有着较高的发病率和病死率.近年来,许多方法被用来降低吻合口瘘的发病率,本文查阅了PudMed以及万方数据库,聚焦于预防吻合口瘘的方法及对策,主要有:保护性造口、盲肠置管造口术、经肛肠腔减压术、管腔内旁路技术、无需回纳预防性造瘘术,每种方法各有优劣.截止到目前,传统的保护性造口应用较为广泛,其他方法的优势均缺少高水平实验的证据支持,但是,无需回纳预防性造瘘术可以完全转流粪便,不需二次手术回纳造口,初步显示效果良好,值得进一步研究.