异体巩膜矫正甲状腺相关眼病上睑退缩并内翻

目的 评估异体巩膜移植延长上睑提肌矫正甲状腺相关眼病上睑退缩并内翻的疗效.方法 对17例（21眼）上睑退缩并内翻的静止期甲状腺相关眼病患者行异体巩膜移植延长上睑提肌矫正上睑退缩并内翻,观察其临床效果.结果 术后所有患者睑裂宽度均较术前缩小,差异有统计学意义（t=2.94,P=0.028）,患者自觉症状不同程度减轻或消失,随访6个月和1年无上睑退缩或内翻复发.结论 异体巩膜移植延长上睑提肌能有效矫正甲状腺相关眼病上睑退缩并内翻.     

Finite element modeling of the human sclera: influence on optic nerve head biomechanics and connections with glaucoma

Scleral thickness, especially near the optic nerve head (ONH), is a potential factor of interest in the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Large differences in the dimensions of the sclera, the principal load-bearing tissue of the eye, have been observed between individuals. This study aimed to characterize the effects of these differences on ONH biomechanics. Eleven enucleated human globes (7 normal and 4 ostensibly glaucomatous) were imaged using high-field microMRI and segmented to produce 3-D individual-specific corneoscleral shells. An identical, idealized ONH geometry was inserted into each shell. Finite element modeling predicted the effects of pressurizing the eyes to an IOP of 30 mmHg, with the results used to characterize the effect of inter-individual differences in scleral dimensions on the biomechanics of the ONH. Measurements of the individual-specific corneoscleral shells were used to construct a 2-D axisymmetric idealized model of the corneoscleral shell and ONH. A sensitivity analysis based on this model quantified the relative importance of different geometrical characteristics of the scleral shell on the biomechanics of the ONH. Significant variations were observed in various measures of strain in the idealized lamina cribrosa (LC) across the seven normal corneoscleral shells, implying large differences in individual biomechanics due to scleral anatomy variations alone. The sensitivity analysis revealed that scleral thickness adjacent to the ONH was responsible for the vast majority of variation. Remarkably, varying peripapilary scleral thickness over the physiologically measured range changed the peak (95th percentile) first principal strain in the LC and radial displacement of the ONH canal by an amount that was equivalent to a change in IOP of 15 mmHg. Inter-individual variations in scleral thickness, particularly peripapillary scleral thickness, can result in vastly different biomechanical responses to IOP. These differences may be significant for understanding the interactions between IOP and scleral biomechanics in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The relationship between scleral thickness and material properties needs to be studied in human eyes.     

经巩膜睫状体光凝术致巩膜组织损伤临床观察

目的探讨经巩膜睫状体光凝术对人体巩膜组织造成的损伤。方法对2004年1月至2008年12月在北京同仁眼科中心行睫状体光凝术的822例(830眼)患者进行回顾性研究。结果共4例5眼术后并发巩膜穿孔,发病率为6.02‰,1眼为真性小眼球、原发性闭角型青光眼,4眼为继发性青光眼,其中1眼为视网膜脱离术后硅油存留;发病时间为光凝术后3d～4个月。2例(2眼)为二次光凝术后,1例(1眼)为二次玻璃体切割术后及一次光凝术后,1例(2眼)为一次小梁切除术后及一次光凝术后。巩膜穿孔部位均位于进行光凝的巩膜范围内,均为角膜缘后2mm左右。5眼均行异体巩膜移植术治疗,术后巩膜无渗漏,眼压稳定。结论经巩膜睫状体光凝可以导致巩膜溶解及穿孔。应严格掌握睫状体光凝的适应证,尽可能采用最低有效能量,避免在同一点上过多重复光凝,从而减少对巩膜的损伤。一旦发生巩膜穿孔及时行异体巩膜移植术,可以取得较好的治疗效果。     

TIMP-2基因转染豚鼠巩膜成纤维细胞基质金属蛋白酶2及其抑制剂表达

目的观察转染基质金属蛋白酶2抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase2,TIMP-2)基因的豚鼠巩膜成纤维细胞不同时间增生能力及基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinase2,MMP-2)和TIMP-2的表达,探讨基因治疗近视的可行性。方法随机选取三色健康豚鼠,组织块法体外培养原代巩膜成纤维细胞,免疫组织化学法进行波形蛋白的鉴定,取第3～6代细胞进行实验。分子克隆构建携带TIMP-2基因的真核表达载体,转染豚鼠巩膜成纤维细胞,MTT法观察转染后12h、24h、48h、3d、5d、7d细胞增生能力。提取总RNA,二步法逆转录-聚合酶链反应检测MMP-2mRNA及TIMP-2mRNA的表达水平。结果豚鼠巩膜成纤维细胞原代、传代培养生长良好,波形蛋白鉴定阳性。转染3d、5d、7d TIMP-2基因转染组成纤维细胞的增生速度分别为0.6724±0.0092、0.7963±0.0060、0.8462±0.0064,明显快于正常对照组成纤维细胞(0.5810±0.0120、0.6525±0.0072、0.7129±0.0132),差异均具有显著统计学意义(均为P<0.01)。转染48h MMP-2mRNA表达即开始减少,转染3d时表达明显减少,达到最低,除转染12h与24h之间外,转染组与正常对照组、各转染不同时间组间MMP-2mRNA表达差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。TIMP-2mRNA表达在转染48h时即开始增加,除12h与24h外,转染组与正常对照组、各转染不同时间组间TIMP-2mRNA表达差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。结论转染TIMP-2基因对豚鼠巩膜成纤维细胞有促增生作用,TIMP-2基因转染豚鼠巩膜成纤维细胞抑制MMP-2mRNA的表达,可在一定程度上阻止近视发展中巩膜组织的丢失与重塑。     

小梁切除改良术式治疗青光眼的远期疗效观察

目的:探讨小梁切除术中改良巩膜瓣的制作方法,观察术后远期疗效。方法:对50例85眼不同类型的青光眼行小梁切除(观察组),术中制作隧道式4mm×6mm巩膜瓣,巩膜瓣的后缘与巩膜床间作三针跨度为4mm的闭合式缝合,对照组50例82眼行常规小梁切除术。结果:术后平均随访8～30mo。视力:观察组有7眼较术前提高,5眼视力下降,其余视力无明显变化,差异无统计学意义。眼压:观察组术后末次随访平均眼压与术前平均眼压比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。视盘参数:观察组视乳头盘沿面积(RA,m2)、盘沿体积(RV,mm3)、平均神经纤维层厚度(mRNFL,mm)与术前比较有改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。视野:观察组5眼视野较术前扩大,3眼视野缩小,其余视野无明显变化。与对照组比较:观察组眼压控制率和功能性滤过泡形成率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:改良式小梁切除术,术后远期眼压控制效果明显,并发症少,可改善视功能,是一种安全有效的手术方法。     

Preserved scleral patch graft for unexpected extreme scleral thinning found at the scleral buckling procedure: a case report

Pre-existing scleral pathology is an important risk factor for globe rupture during scleral buckling procedures. We report here, the surgical management of an unexpected scleral pathology found at the scleral buckling procedure in a retinal detachment patient. A 77-year-old white female with retinal detachment underwent a scleral buckling procedure. The surgery was converted into a scleral graft procedure, as extreme scleral thinning was found intraoperatively. An alcohol-preserved donor sclera graft was used. The second surgery for definitive retinal alignment was performed two weeks later. The presented case of an unexpected scleral pathology in a retinal detachment patient was managed with a combination of scleral grafting and pars plana vitrectomy, without any major complications. The anatomical outcome was excellent and the scleral rupture was prevented; the visual outcome was satisfactory. A conversion of the scleral buckling procedure into a scleral graft procedure has proved to be safe and effective for unexpected scleral pathology.     

鸡眼形觉剥夺性近视的实验研究

目的建立鸡形觉剥夺近视模型,观察形觉剥夺眼屈光、巩膜形态学改变。方法将孵出后一天的家鸡25只,以右眼为形觉剥夺眼,左眼为开放对照眼,2周后进行检影验光,并摘出眼球,测量眼轴长和赤道径。观察巩膜软骨层中细胞密度、增殖细胞率,并测量角巩膜的干湿重。结果剥夺眼的屈光度平均为-11.9±4.6D,对照眼平均为+3.0±1.2D,两者差异有显著性意义,轴长较对照眼明显延长（P<0.01）,剥夺眼的巩膜干湿重均明显重于对照眼（P<0.01）,并且巩膜软骨中增殖细胞率明显高于对照眼（P<0.05）,但细胞密度则低于对照眼（P<0.05）。结论鸡眼形觉剥夺可产生一定程度的近视和眼轴延长,并伴随着巩膜的病理形态改变。     

Biomechanical considerations: evaluating scleral reinforcement materials for pathological myopia

Objective: Scleral biomechanical weakness and thinness are known to be one of the main factors in the pathogenesis of progressive myopia. Posterior scleral reinforcement surgery remains the rational treatment for pathological myopia. We tested the biomechanical properties of 3 types of scleral reinforcement materials (artificial pericardium, human sclera, and all-dermal matrix) in an attempt to select the ideal material for the reinforcement of pathologic sclera.Design: Experimental study.Participants: Forty-five adult Japanese white rabbits.Methods: Animals were equally divided into 3 groups. For each group, 1 type of material was surgically implanted at the back of the globe. We harvested samples after 10 months of implantation, tested the elasticity modulus for both reinforced sclera and unreinforced control sclera, and assessed data by t test methods. Statistically significant differences were considered when p < 0.05.Results: Rabbit sclera reinforced by artificial pericardium or human sclera showed significant increases in the elasticity modulus compared with control eyes. However, the rabbit sclera reinforced by all-dermal matrix showed no significant difference in the elasticity modulus compared with normal controls.Conclusions: The analysis of biomechanical considerations in scleral reinforcement materials presented here is a very helpful method to choose the best materials for treatment of myopia. Of all materials tested, the artificial pericardium and human foreign-body sclera provided the best biomechanical characteristics.     

前巩膜片技术预防多孔材料义眼座植入的暴露

目的探讨在眼球摘除后多孔材料义眼座前部增加一巩膜片植入眼眶后预防暴露的有效性。方法美国Ore-gon州OHSU医学院Casey Eye Institute眼科研究所眼面部整形外科从2000年1月至2009年1月,John D Ng医生的162例（170眼）眼球摘除合并眼眶内植入有孔材料,使用前巩膜片技术（在多孔义眼座的前部缝合一7.5 mm×7.5 mm的巩膜片,并将四条直肌缝在巩膜片上）。根据病例资料,眼疾诊断,手术操作技术,先前眼科手术史,植入物的大小,随访时间,植入后并发症等,观察统计义眼暴露率及并发症。结果植入暴露发生7例,7眼（4.12%,7/170）。其中一例发生在早期（〈6个月）,6例发生在晚期（〉6个月）。这7例中1例给于抗生素及结膜切除手术,暴露得到修复;另外6例结膜撕裂较大未能得到修复,遂取出义眼座植入一新的前部缝有巩膜片的义眼座。这7例经过1a以上的随访,未出现再次暴露。结论巩膜片在移植物的前表面可以作为一种屏障,在预防暴露方面具有一定的有效性。     

隐匿性巩膜破裂伤临床分析

目的　探讨隐匿性巩膜破裂伤的临床表现和手术方法。方法　总结 1986年 5月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月因隐匿性巩膜破裂而行手术治疗的 3 2例 3 2眼。分析其致伤原因、临床表现、手术方法及结果。结果　术后视力≥ 0 .0 5者 19眼 ,视力 <0 .0 5者 5眼 ,眼球萎缩 4眼 ,眼球摘除 4眼。结论　隐匿性巩膜破裂伤主要由眼挫伤引起 ,应及时根据临床表现进行手术探查 ,缝合伤口 ,预防并发症发生。