A new aspect of in vitro antimicrobial leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma activity based on flow cytometry assessment

The current literature suggests that the antibacterial effect of leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) is directly related to platelet and leukocyte concentrations. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of L-PRP against selected bacterial strains in vitro, and second, to correlate this effect with leukocyte and platelet content in the final concentration. Blood was collected from 20 healthy males, and L-PRP, acellular plasma (AP), and autologous thrombin were consecutively prepared. Flow cytometry analysis of the blood, L-PRP, and AP was performed. The L-PRP gel, liquid L-PRP, and thrombin samples were tested in vitro for their antibacterial properties against seven selected bacterial strains using the Kirby–Bauer disk-diffusion method. There was notable antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial strains. No statistically significant correlations between antimicrobial activities and the platelet concentration in L-PRP were observed. Statistically significant positive correlations between selected leukocyte subtypes and antimicrobial activity were noted. A negative correlation was found between elevated monocyte count and antimicrobial activity of L-PRP against one bacterial strain studied. L-PRP possesses antimicrobial activity and can be potentially useful in the fight against certain postoperative infections. The bactericidal effect of L-PRP is caused by leukocytes, and there exists a relationship among selected leukocyte subtypes and L-PRP antimicrobial activity.     

血流感染肺炎克雷伯菌中CRISPR-Cas系统的分布及其与毒力基因和耐药的关系

的 了解血流感染肺炎克雷伯菌中CRISPR-Cas系统的分布特征并分析其与毒力基因和耐药的关系。方法 收集非重复血流感染肺炎克雷伯菌248株，使用Vitek2-Compact全自动微生物分析系统进行菌株鉴定及药物敏感性分析，PCR检测CRISPR-Cas系统3个相关基因(CRISPR1、CRISPR2和cas1)、筛查6种常见高毒力荚膜血清型(K1、K2、K5、 K20、K54和K57)、12种毒力基因及检测13种耐药基因，用χ2检验比较携带有CRISPR-Cas系统菌株与不携带CRISPR-Cas系统菌株毒力及耐药差异。结果 CRISPR-Cas系统的检出率为29.8%(74/248)；K1型是携带CRISPR-Cas系统肺炎克雷伯菌的主要荚膜血清型，占 28.4%(21/74)；除kpn基因外，携带CRISPR-Cas系统菌株的毒力基因检出率均大于不携带CRISPR-Cas系统菌株，其中7种差异有统计学意义；除对氨苄西林耐药率达100%外，携带有CRISPR-Cas系统菌株的其他抗菌药物耐药率均小于不携带有CRISPR-Cas系统菌株，其中13种差异有统计学意义；携带CRISPR-Cas系统菌株的耐药基因阳性率小于不携带CRISPR-Cas系统的菌株，且blaKPC、blaSHV、qnrS基因差异有统计学意义。结论 高毒力荚膜血清型肺炎克雷伯菌中主要为K1型携带CRISPR-Cas系统，携带CRISPR-Cas系统的肺炎克雷伯菌相对于不携带CRISPR-Cas系统菌株的毒力基因阳性率高，耐药率低，耐药基因的阳性率低。CRISPR-Cas系统可能能降低耐药基因在肺炎克雷伯菌中的水平传播，尤其是在K1型肺炎克雷伯菌。     

红皮病患者低钾血症预后的影响因素分析

<正>机体的血钾参与并维持细胞代谢,保持细胞内液渗透压及酸碱平衡,并可维持神经肌肉组织兴奋及心肌功能~([1-2])。中重度低血钾主要表现为肌无力,可延及机体的躯干和呼吸肌,造成呼吸困难,还可引发腱反射减弱或消失、肠麻痹及心脏传导阻滞、节律异     

Optimizing access and configuration of trauma centre care in New South Wales

IntroductionGetting the right patient, to the right place, at the right time is dependent on a multitude of modifiable and non-modifiable factors. One potentially modifiable factor is the number and location of trauma centres (TC). Overabundance of TC dilutes volumes and could be associated with worse outcomes. We describe a methodology that evaluates trauma system reconfiguration without reductions in potential access to care. We used the mature trauma system of New South Wales (NSW) as a model given the perceived overabundance of urban major trauma centres (MTC).MethodsWe first evaluated potential access to TC care via ground and air transport through the use of geographic information systems (GIS) network analysis. Potential access was defined as the proportion of the population living within 60-min transport time from a potential scene of injury to a TC by ground or rotary-wing aircraft. Sensitivity analyses were carried out in order to account for potential pre-hospital interventions and/or transport delays; travel times of 15-, 30-, 45-, 60-, and 90-min were also analyzed. We then evaluated if the current configuration of the system (number of urban MTS in the Sydney basin) could be optimized without reductions in potential access to care using two GIS methodologies: location-allocation and individual removal of MTC.Results86% of the NSW population has potential access to a TC within 60 min ground travel time; potential access improves to 99% with rotary-wing transport. The 1% of the population without potential TC access lives in 48% of the land area (>384,000km2). Utilizing two different methodologies we identified that there was no change in potential access by ground transport after removing 1 or 2 MTC in the Sydney basin at the 30-, 45-, and 60-min transport times. However, 0.02% and 0.5% of the population would not have potential access to MTC care at 15 min after removing one and two MTC respectively.DiscussionRedistribution of the number of MTC in the Sydney basin could be achieved without a significant impact on potential access to care. Our approach can be utilized as an initial tool to evaluate a trauma system where overabundance of coverage is present.     

Could non-HDL-cholesterol be a better marker of atherogenic dyslipidemia in obstructive sleep apnea?

Background/objectiveObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is independently associated with dyslipidemia, a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol is accepted as a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol is a better marker of atherogenic dyslipidemia and recommended as a target of lipid lowering therapy. We aimed to assess the prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia, and relationship between OSA severity and serum LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol levels in OSA patients.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated treatment naïve 2361 subjects admitted to the sleep laboratory of a university hospital for polysomnography. All subjects’ lipid profile including total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and non-HDL-cholesterol were measured.ResultsOut of 2361 patients (mean age 49.6 ± 11.9 years; 68.9% male, apnea-hypopnea index 36.6 ± 28.4/h), 185 (7.8%) had no OSA and 2176 (92.2%) had OSA. Atherogenic dyslipidemia prevalence was high (57–66%) in OSA patients, and especially increased in severe OSA compared to other groups (p < 0.05). Though total and LDL-cholesterol did not differ between those with and without OSA, non-HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.020), and triglycerides (p = 0.001) were higher and HDL-cholesterol levels (p = 0.018) were lower in OSA patients than non-OSA. Non-HDL-cholesterol was significantly correlated with OSA severity (p < 0.001) and hypoxia parameters (p < 0.01), whereas LDL-cholesterol showed no correlation.ConclusionsAtherogenic dyslipidemia is highly prevalent and non-HDL-cholesterol levels are significantly increased, predominantly in severe OSA patients. Non-HDL-cholesterol but not LDL-cholesterol, is significantly correlated with OSA severity and hypoxia parameters. Therefore, it could be better to use non-HDL-cholesterol, which is a guideline recommended target of lipid therapy, as a marker of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in OSA patients.