泛素蛋白酶体途径在急性早幼粒细胞白血病中作用的研究进展简

急性早幼粒细胞白血病（acute promyelocytic leukemia,APL）以表达PML-RARα为特征.泛素-蛋白酶体途径在全反式维甲酸及三氧化二砷诱导其降解过程中发挥重要作用,并参与细胞周期调节、转录调控等过程.深入研究该通路在APL中的作用有助于明确部分药物的起效机制及开拓APL的临床治疗思路.本文就泛素-蛋白酶体途径的组成、泛素-蛋白酶体途径介导的蛋白质修饰在APL中的作用、泛素化途径相关药物在APL中的应用进行综述.     

7蛋白酶体抑制剂对星形胶质细胞周期素D1和周期素依赖性激酶4表达的影响

目的：研究蛋白酶体抑制对体外培养的星形胶质细胞周期素Dl（cyclinD1）和周期素依赖性激酶4（CDK4）表达的影响。方法：SD乳鼠皮质星形胶质细胞原代培养,并纯化鉴定;予不同浓度（2和4μmol·L^-1）的蛋白酶体抑制剂（lactacystin）对第二代星形胶质细胞进行短期（12h）急性干预处理,应用免疫荧光及Westernblot检测星形胶质细胞cyclinD1和CDK4表达的水平。结果：纯化传代的皮质星形胶质细胞经胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）免疫荧光鉴定,其阳性率可达99％;lactacystin2和4μmol·L^-1可诱导星形胶质细胞cyclinDl和CDK4表达的下降,与对照组相比差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：一定程度蛋白酶体活性抑制可诱导培养的星形胶质细胞cyclinD1和CDK4表达的减少,从而影响胶质细胞细胞周期,促进胶质细胞分化。提示蛋白酶体功能障碍后可能通过影响胶质细胞细胞周期来参与阿尔茨海默病的病理改变。     

Overexpression of DSCR1 blocks zinc-induced neuronal cell death through the formation of nuclear aggregates

The Down syndrome (DS) candidate region gene 1 (DSCR1) is localized near DS critical region on chromosome 21 and is overexpressed in the brains of DS patients. Although DSCR1 was known for a modulator of calcineurin, the overexpression of DSCR1 is thought to play a role in neuronal cell death. Zinc, one of the most abundant transition metals in the brain, may also contribute to selective neuronal cell death when present in excessive amounts. In the present study, we investigated the effect of DSCR1 overexpression on zinc-induced cell death in hippocampal neuroprogenitor cells. The overexpression of DSCR1 caused apoptotic cell death without an apparent formation of intracellular protein inclusions. Upon exposure to zinc, soluble DSCR1 levels were significantly decreased and insoluble levels were enhanced to a similar extent, which were partially caused by the zinc-induced inhibition of proteasomal activity and a consequently diminished degradation of DSCR1. Furthermore, zinc treatment induced the formation of nuclear DSCR1 aggregates, which blocked zinc-induced cell death. These findings indicate that, although the up-regulation of DSCR1 levels exerts a cytotoxic effect, the addition of zinc leads to the formation of cytoprotective nuclear aggregates in neuronal cells.     

Novel pharmacological agents in clinical development for solid tumours

For decades, cancer therapy has focused on DNA-directed mechanisms of cytotoxicity, utilising agents with limited efficacy and significant toxicity. Recent advances in tumour biology have elucidated the molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of cancers and have resulted in the discovery of a variety of novel molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Promising novel agents targeting signal transduction pathways, cell cycle regulation, angiogenesis and apoptosis are in clinical testing and are discussed in this review.     

连续荧光监测法测定蛋白酶体活性及其在筛选蛋白酶体抑制剂中的应用

目的:建立用连续荧光监测法测定蛋白酶体活性的方法,研究其在筛选蛋白酶体抑制剂中的应用价值。方法:用特异性荧光多肽底物Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC(Suc-LLVT-AMC)、Z-Val-Val-Arg-AMC(ZVVA-AMC)、Z-Leu-Leu-Glu-βNA(ZLLG-βNA),分别测定蛋白酶体的糜凝乳蛋白酶样(chy-motrypsin-like,CT-L)、胰蛋白酶样(trypsin-like,T-L)和肽基谷氨酰肽水解酶样(PGPH-like,PGPH-L)活性,对测定条件优化,并进行方法学评价。用该法测定了硼替佐米(PS-341)和四嗪二甲酰胺(ZG-DHu-1)对纯20S蛋白酶体和B16、Namalwa细胞蛋白酶体提取物抑制作用。结果:连续荧光监测法测定蛋白酶体活性的最适pH为8.2;0.3g/LSDS仅对CT-L活性有激活作用;CT-L、T-L、PGPH-L的Km分别为3.55、4.12、4.88μmol/L;酶反应进程曲线的线性期达20min;线性范围为测定纯20S蛋白酶体时,其蛋白浓度分别达100、120、100μg/L,测定B16细胞蛋白酶体提取物时,其蛋白浓度均达2...     

Aggresome-related biogenesis of Lewy bodies

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and 'dementia with Lewy bodies' (DLB) are characterized pathologically by selective neuronal death and the appearance of intracytoplasmic protein aggregates (Lewy bodies). The process by which these inclusions are formed and their role in the neurodegenerative process remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate a close relationship between Lewy bodies and aggresomes, which are cytoplasmic inclusions formed at the centrosome as a cytoprotective response to sequester and degrade excess levels of potentially toxic abnormal proteins within cells. We show that the centrosome/aggresome-related proteins gamma-tubulin and pericentrin display an aggresome-like distribution in Lewy bodies in PD and DLB. Lewy bodies also sequester the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), the proteasome activators PA700 and PA28, and HSP70, all of which are recruited to aggresomes for enhanced proteolysis. Using novel antibodies that are specific and highly sensitive to ubiquitin-protein conjugates, we revealed the presence of numerous discrete ubiquitinated protein aggregates in neuronal soma and processes in PD and DLB. These aggregates appear to be being transported from peripheral sites to the centrosome where they are sequestered to form Lewy bodies in neurons. Finally, we have shown that inhibition of proteasomal function or generation of misfolded proteins cause the formation of aggresome/Lewy body-like inclusions and cytotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons in culture. These observations suggest that Lewy body formation may be an aggresome-related event in response to increasing levels of abnormal proteins in neurons. This phenomenon is consistent with growing evidence that altered protein handling underlies the etiopathogenesis of PD and related disorders.     

蛋白酶体抑制剂的抗肿瘤作用及其临床应用

泛素．蛋白酶体通路介导细胞蛋白质的降解，在细胞周期、基因转录及表达、抗厚提呈和炎症演进等方面发挥调控作用。蛋白质酶体抑制剂可抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和增殖，诱导凋亡，逆转肿揎细胞的多药耐药性，增加其他化疗药物和放疗的敏感性，具有良好的抗肿瘤作用，是一个极有前是的抗肿瘤药物。现综述其作用机制、分类、抗肿瘤作用及临床应用进展。