Gastrostomy revision: incidence and indications

Background/purpose

Although quite reliable, gastrostomy may require revision. However, there are no reports in the literature specifically delineating identifiable risk factors or circumstances that lead to gastrostomy revision in children with gastrostomy. The purpose of this report was to determine the rate of revision and correlate any factors that may lead to revision.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed on 1,042 children who underwent gastrostomy at The Children’s Hospital, Denver, Colorado, between 1992 and 2002. Charts of children who underwent gastrostomy were reviewed for pertinent clinical factors and compared with those who required gastrostomy revision.

Results

Of the 1,042 children, who had gastrostomies, 67 revisions were required in 61 children (6%). Of the many possible factors that could have had an influence on the revision rate, only fundoplication, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), migration of the gastrostomy site, and time correlated with the need for gastrostomy revision.

Conclusions

Parents should be made aware that there is a 6% chance that their child’s gastrostomy may need revision and that the need for revision may increase with PEG, initial construction before 18 months of age, and the advancing age of the gastrostomy. Surgeons should avoid placing the gastrostomy near the costal margin, making a large gastrostomy exit tract through the abdominal wall and inserting a gastrostomy into the nutritionally depleted pulmonary stressed neurologically challenged child without first attempting to improve the child’s nutritional status.     

Ostomy and pregnancy

Pregnancy in a woman with ostomy poses significant concern in its management. A search for literature addressing this problem revealed minimal information. Questionnaires on this subject were sent to all of the members of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, and the replies received from them were analyzed by the computer. Attempts were made to answer questions regarding stoma complications, recurrence of disease during pregnancy, type of childbirth (vaginal or cesarean), special needs during pregnancy, and any recurring problems with subsequent pregnancies. Read at the meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, San Diego, California, May 5 to 10, 1985.     

Ruptured mitral chordae tendineae may be a frequent and insignificant complication in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome

In this study, we performed 512 echocardiographic studies on264 consecutive, unselected patients with the idiopathic mitralvalve prolapse syndrome. Twenty-eight patients (10.6%) had evidenceof ruptured chordae tendineae of the mitral valve on M-modeexamination and in 24 the diagnosis was confirmed by two-dimensionalechocardiography. Mild to severe mitral insufficiency was provenin all of them by left ventriculography during cardiac catheterization.Eight patients underwent surgery to relieve symptomatic severemitral regurgitation. At operation all had myxomatous degenerationof the mitral valve, two patients were found to have ruptureof anterior mitral chordae, and six had rupture of posteriormitral chordae. Twenty (71%) patients with chordal rupture hadeither mild symptoms or were completely asymptomatic. It isconcluded that chordal rupture in patients with the mitral valveprolapse syndrome may be present in asymptomatic patients andgo undetected clinically in a substantial number of patientsunless a high index of suspicion is maintained. Serial M-modeand two-dimensional echocardiographic studies are of importancein identifying the progression of prolapse findings and mayreveal the natural history of this pathologic condition in asymptomaticpatients.     

Robotic/Laparoscopic prolapse repair and the role of hysteropexy: a urology perspective

Approximately 11% of women will undergo a surgical procedure for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) or urinary incontinence by age 80 years. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy has been found in multiple studies to have high long-term success rates for repair of severe vault prolapse. Robotic or laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy offer similar success to an open approach. This article describes the techniques of laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy and robotic sacrocolpopexy. The role of hysteropexy for the treatment of POP is also discussed.     

PPH联合芍倍注射术治疗直肠前突的临床观察

目的 评价吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除术(PPH)联合芍倍注射术治疗直肠前突引起的排便梗阻症状的安全性及有效性.方法 将我院2009年12月至2011年1月期间的72例诊断为中度以上直肠前突的患者随机分为PPH联合芍倍注射术组(36例)与单纯PPH组(36例),分别行PPH联合芍倍注射术及单纯PPH治疗.分别于术后l周、1个月、3个月及6个月对2组患者进行Longo排便梗阻综合征(ODS)评分,并对患者术后疼痛情况进行评估,观察患者术后尿潴留、术后出血及肛门功能情况,记录患者住院时间及恢复工作时间,并对2组的以上情况进行比较.结果 PPH联合芍倍注射术组与单纯PPH组在术后1周及1个月ODS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但PPH联合芍倍注射术组术后3个月及术后6个月ODS评分均明显低于单纯PPH组(P＜0.05).在术后疼痛评分、住院时间及恢复工作时间方面,2组比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).2组均未出现肛门功能异常情况.2组术后均有尿潴留和出血发生,但差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 PPH术联合芍倍注射术较单纯PPH在治疗直肠前突方面疗效更好且至少和单纯PPH一样安全.     

Excellent response rate of anismus to botulinum toxin if rectal prolapse misdiagnosed as anismus (‘pseudoanismus’) is excluded

Aim Anismus causes obstructed defecation as a result of inappropriate contraction of the puborectalis/external sphincter. Proctographic failure to empty after 30 s is used as a simple surrogate for simultaneous electromyography/proctography. Botulinum toxin is theoretically attractive but efficacy is variable. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin to treat obstructed defecation caused by anismus. Method Botulinum toxin was administered, under local anaesthetic, into the puborectalis/external sphincter of patients with proctographic anismus. Responders (resolution followed by recurrence of obstructed defecation over a 1‐ to 2‐month period) underwent repeat injection. Nonresponders underwent rectal examination under anaesthetic (EUA). EUA‐diagnosed rectal prolapse was graded using the Oxford Prolapse Grade 1–5. Results Fifty‐six patients were treated with botulinum toxin. Twenty‐two (39%) responded initially and 21/22 (95%) underwent repeat treatment. At a median follow up of 19.2 (range, 7.0–30.4) months, 20/21 (95%) had a sustained response and required no further treatment. Isolated obstructed defecation symptoms (OR = 7.8, P = 0.008), but not proctographic or physiological factors, predicted response on logistic regression analysis. In 33 (97%) of 34 nonresponders, significant abnormalities were demonstrated at EUA: 31 (94%) had a grade 3–5 rectal prolapse, one had internal anal sphincter myopathy and one had a fissure. Exclusion of these alternative diagnoses revised the initial response rate to 96%. Conclusion Simple proctographic criteria overdiagnose anismus and underdiagnose rectal prolapse. This explains the published variable response to botulinum toxin. Failure to respond should prompt EUA seeking undiagnosed rectal prolapse. A response to an initial dose of botulinum toxin might be considered a more reliable diagnosis of anismus than proctography.     

Long-term outcome after laparoscopic and open surgery for rectal prolapse

Background Laparoscopic repair (LR) of rectal prolapse is potentially associated with earlier recovery and lower perioperative morbidity, as compared with open transabdominal repair (OR). Data on the long-term recurrence rate and functional outcome are limited. Methods Perioperative data on rectal prolapse in relation to all LRs performed between December 1991 and April 2004 were prospectively collected. The LR patients were matched by age, gender, and procedure type with OR patients who underwent surgery during the same period. Patients with previous complex abdominal surgery or a body mass index exceeding 40 were excluded from the study. Data on recurrence rate, bowel habits, continence, and satisfaction scores were collected using a telephone survey. Results A total of 111 patients (age, 56.8 ± 18.1 years; female, 87%) underwent attempted LR. An operative complication deferred repair in two cases. Among the 111 patients, 42 had posterior mesh fixation, and 67 had sutured rectopexy (32 patients with sigmoid colectomy for constipation). Eight patients (7.2%) had conversion to laparotomy. Matching was established for 86 patients. The LR patients had a shorter hospital stay (mean, 3.9 vs 6.0 days; p < 0.0001). The 30-day reoperation and readmission rates were similar for the two groups. The rates for recurrence requiring surgery were 9.3% for LR and 4.7% for OR (p = 0.39) during a mean follow-up period of 59 months. An additional seven patients in each group reported possible recurrence by telephone. Postoperatively, 35% of the LR patients and 53% of the OR patients experienced constipation (p = 0.09). Constipation was improved in 74% of the LR patients and 54% of the OR patients, and worsened, respectively, in 3% and 17% (p = 0.037). The postoperative incontinence rates were 30% for LR and 33% for OR (p = 0.83). Continence was improved in 48% of the LR patients and 35% of the OR patients, and worsened, respectively, in 9% and 18% (p = 0.22). The mean satisfaction rates for surgery (on a scale of 0 to10) were 7.3 for the LR patients and 8.1 for the OR patients (p = 0.17). Conclusions The hospital stay is shorter for LR than for OR. Both functional results and recurrent full-thickness rectal prolapse were similar for LR and OR during a mean follow-up period of 5 years.     

腹壁自体筋膜盆底悬吊术与腹腔镜下子宫颈悬吊术治疗盆底器官脱垂的疗效观察

目的:探讨腹壁自体筋膜盆底悬吊术与腹腔镜下子宫颈悬吊术治疗盆底器官脱垂的临床应用价值及对生活质量的影响。方法:将60例盆底器官脱垂患者随机分为观察组与对照组,每组30例,观察组行腹壁自体筋膜盆底悬吊术,对照组行腹腔镜下子宫颈悬吊术,应用盆腔器官脱垂定量分度法评估手术效果。术后6个月采用盆底功能障碍问卷短表对患者生活质量进行调查,采用盆腔器官脱垂尿失禁性功能问卷对患者性生活质量进行调查。结果:观察组手术时间[(72.32±8.34)min]、术中出血量[(57.43±8.52)ml]、尿管留置时间[(3.23±0.54)d]、术后住院时间[(7.32±0.69)d]均多于对照组[(53.34±6.88)min、(45.65±7.43)ml、(2.39±0.87)d、(6.27±0.75)d],差异有统计学意义(P0.01),术后两组Aa、Ba、C、D、Ap、Bp等指示点位置术后均较术前明显上升,其中观察组上升水平明显高于对照组,更接近解剖学位置(P0.01),盆底功能障碍问卷、排便功能障碍问卷及泌尿功能障碍问卷评分观察组明显低于对照组,盆腔器官脱垂尿失禁性功能问卷中情感、生理、总分等观察组均高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:腹壁自体筋膜盆底悬吊术与腹腔镜下子宫颈悬吊术在治疗盆底器官脱垂中均具有良好的临床治疗效果,其中腹壁自体筋膜盆底悬吊术治疗盆底器官脱垂恢复盆底器官解剖更理想,对患者术后生活质量影响较小。     

影响经皮椎间孔镜对腰椎间盘突出症疗效的危险因素回归分析

目的探讨影响经皮椎间孔镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效的危险因素。方法选取我院骨外科行经皮椎间孔镜手术治疗的腰椎间盘突出症98例患者的临床资料,根据其术后临床效果分为优良组和可差组,对影响其术后临床效果的10种可能因素,分别采用单因素描述性分析和多因素Logistic分析方法做统计学处理,并确定危险因素。结果单因素分析发现两组在性别、手术节段、Lee分区、纤维环破裂、Modic改变等差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在年龄、病程、外伤史、临床症状、椎间盘退变分级等比较有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析影响因素的危险程度由高到低依次是:椎间盘退变IV级(OR=5.423)、腰腿痛并存(OR=4.678)、病程12个月(OR=3.982)、有外伤史(OR=2.510)和年龄≥45岁(OR=1.525)。结论影响经皮椎间孔镜手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效的危险因素为椎间盘退变IV级、腰腿痛并存、病程12个月和年龄≥45岁,在临床治疗上高度重视,以期达到临床效果最优化。