Patient,Provider, and Treatment Factors Associated with Poor-Quality Care for Schizophrenia

Interventions are needed to improve the quality of care for schizophrenia. However, in designing these interventions it would be helpful to understand better which patients are at highest risk for poor-quality care and why care for this disorder is often of poor quality. We study the extent to which patient and treatment factors are associated with poor-quality care in 224 patients randomly sampled from two mental health clinics. Quality of medication management is evaluated using an established method based on national treatment recommendations. Multivariate regression is used to study the effect of patient and treatment factors on treatment quality, controlling for provider. Risk for poor-quality care was greater for patients who were more severely ill, older, and less compliant with treatment recommendations. There were trends toward poor management of symptoms in men and substance abusers, and poor management of side effects in Black patients. Provision of poor-quality care was associated with failure to document symptoms and side effects in the medical record. Interventions to improve care for schizophrenia should attend to the need for accurate clinical assessment and strategies for managing challenging clinical situations.     

Unusual fractures and dislocations of the axis vertebra

Seven percent of 400 patients with cervical spine fractures and/or dislocations had unusual lesions of the axis. The authors have analyzed axis injuries by review of radiographs and clinical data and have derived a classification of traumatic conditions. Uncommon traumatic axis abnormalities are discussed with reference to incidence, causes, clinical findings, mechanism of injury, and roentgen characteristics.Picker Scholar, James Picker Foundation     

固体光气法合成洛莫司汀

以固体光气(三光气)为起始原料，经过在无水甲苯溶液中与环己胺反应生成环己基异氰酸酯，再经与氨基乙醇和氯化亚砜的一锅法反应生成1-(2-氯乙基)—3—环己基脲(氯化物)，最后再亚硝化，即得洛莫司汀。原料易得，各步反应条件温和，操作方便，步骤比文献方法(4步)减少一步，总收率由文献方法的23．7％提高为49．8％，适于工业规模制备。     

茎突CT薄层冠状扫描在诊断茎突过长综合征中的价值

目的 探讨“一点一线垂直法”茎突CT薄层冠状扫描在诊断茎突过长中的价值。方法测量72例双侧茎突的长度、方位、形态、厚度、尖端与咽侧壁距离,总结茎突过长病人的临床症状与诊断。 结果 ①41例67侧长度超过3.0cm,符合茎突过长的诊断;②12例12侧茎突虽未超过3.0cm(均在2.5～2.9cm),且茎突方位角>20°、末端与咽侧壁的距离<20mm,并有临床症状的应考虑茎突过长综合征;③按茎突的形态进行分型:锥型(分直锥、弧锥),束状型,分节型,发育不良型。其中分节型与临床症状有密切关系。结论 ①茎突CT薄层冠状扫描能清晰显示茎突的长度、形态、厚度、末端与咽侧壁距离,是诊断茎突过长的一种可靠方法;②“一点一线垂直法”茎突CT薄层冠状扫描无需进行图像重建,可操作性强、简捷易行、便于推广。     

Improving the quality of child health services: participatory action by providers.

OBJECTIVE: To test a quality improvement approach called COPE (Client-Oriented, Provider-Efficient services), for use in strengthening health systems and supporting Integrated Management of Child Health (IMCI) efforts. DESIGN: Pre- and post-intervention observations of client/provider interactions, facility audits, staff and client surveys, and focus groups to evaluate differences between eight COPE intervention and eight matched non-intervention facilities after a 15-month intervention in 2001. SETTING: Primary care clinics in Guinea and Kenya. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Health care providers and child caregivers. INTERVENTIONS: Over 15 months, the intervention supported four COPE exercises at each intervention site, supported supervisor training in quality management, and organized minimal training in topics selected by site staff as areas where training was needed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in staff's and child caregiver's knowledge, attitudes, and practices; differences in the quality of services provided. RESULTS: On almost every quality indicator (over 65 indicators), whether reported by staff, observed by evaluators, or reported by clients, the intervention sites performed statistically significantly better than control sites. INTERVENTION: sites were cleaner and more pleasant, with more respect and information for clients, and more privacy. Staff had better personal communication skills, better diagnostic skills, and prescribing practices and gave better home care instructions to carers. Clients in intervention sites were more informed and more satisfied, and their children had better immunization coverage than those in control sites. CONCLUSION: COPE is a simple process, yet our study confirms that it can have a very dramatic effect on the quality of services. This study demonstrated how all areas of quality can be addressed by empowering health care providers to take action by using COPE. We suggest that COPE can complement Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) training and can help to achieve better health for children.     

急性肛周脓肿手术方法的改进

目的:探讨、研究急性肛周脓肿一期根治新术式.方法:回顾分析 1996～ 2004年 123例急性肛周脓肿一期根治术式 改进后病人的临床资料.结果:所有病人均一次性治愈,无术后复发肛瘘及遗留肛门失禁.结论:采用该术式治疗急 性肛周脓肿,具有治愈率高、病人痛苦小、手术恢复快、费用低、并发症少等优点.     

枕下经颈-颈静脉突入路达颈静脉孔区的显微解剖研究

目的 研究一期切除颈静脉孔区复杂性肿瘤的微创手术人路。方法 选择经10％福尔马林固定成人头颈标本10具，显微镜下模拟枕下经颈一颈静脉突人路的手术操作，逐层显露颈静脉孔区，研究该区显微解剖特征及显露范围。结果 该人路直接沿乙状窦、颈内静脉的移行方向显露颈静脉孔区结构，其中后颅窝可经枕下显露，颞下窝藉寰椎与下颌升支间的自然间隙显露。通过切除颈静脉突和迷路下骨质分别自后、外、下和上方显露颈静脉孔。头侧直肌是界定颞下窝结构和枕下三角内结构的确切标志。后组颅神经，交感千和颈内动、静脉行于其前方，椎动脉寰椎上段及其周围的静脉丛行于其后方。结论 枕下经颈一颈静脉突人路可自多个方向充分显露颈静脉孔区结构，且可保护面神经、迷路、耳蜗和椎动脉等结构免受不必要的损伤。