Association of diabetes-related emotional distress with diabetes treatment in primary care patients with Type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: To characterize the determinants of diabetes-related emotional distress by treatment modality (diet only, oral medication only, or insulin). METHODS: A total of 815 primary care patients with Type 2 diabetes completed the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) Scale and other questions. We linked survey data to a diabetes clinical research database and used linear regression models to assess the associations of treatment with PAID score. RESULTS: PAID scores were significantly higher among insulin-treated (24.6) compared with oral-treated (17.8, P < 0.001) or diet-treated patients (14.7, P < 0.001), but not different between oral- vs. diet-treated patients (P = 0.2). Group scores remained similar, but the statistical significance of their differences was reduced and ultimately eliminated after sequential adjustment for diabetes severity, HbA(1c), body mass index, regimen adherence, and self-blood-glucose monitoring. Insulin-treated patients reported significantly higher distress than oral- or diet-treated patients on 16 of 20 PAID items. 'Worrying about the future' and 'guilt/anxiety when ... off track with diabetes' were the top two serious problems (PAID >or= 5) in all treatment groups. Not accepting diabetes diagnosis was a top concern for oral- and diet-treated patients, and unclear management goals distressed diet-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care patients treated with insulin reported higher diabetes-related emotional distress compared with oral- or diet-treated patients. Greater distress was largely explained by greater disease severity and self-care burdens. To improve diabetes-specific quality of life, clinicians should address patients' sense of worry and guilt, uncertain acceptance of diabetes diagnosis, and unclear treatment goals.     

肾癌多中心病灶发生机理的探讨

目的　探讨肾癌多中心病灶的发生机理。　方法　肾癌根治术标本 10 2例 ,间隔 3mm切开检查切面 ,原发灶外可疑处取材证实肾癌者为多中心灶阳性。免疫组化法检查肾癌原发灶及多中心灶p5 3、PCNA、c erbB2 、CD44 v6、bcl 2、nm2 3 H1 蛋白表达情况。　结果　多中心灶发生率为 15 .7%( 16 10 2 ) ,16例多中心性肾癌中 ,原发灶与多中心灶p5 3、PCNA、c erbB2 、CD44 v6、bcl 2、nm2 3 H1 蛋白表达情况均相近 ,统计学处理差异无显著性意义 (P均 >0 .4)。　结论　肾癌多中心灶具有与原发灶相似的生物学特征 ,其发生以原发灶肾内转移可能性大。     

原发性肝癌非规则性肝切除的疗效观察

目的探讨非规则性肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的临床疗效。方法1995年1月～2003年5月采用非规则性肝切除治疗原发性肝癌106例，随访1～5年，对其临床资料进行分析。结果8例在术后3个月内死于肝肾功能衰竭，98例恢复良好。术后1、3、5年的生存率分别为84．9％、34．7％、27．8％。结论非规则性肝切除是治疗原发性肝癌的有效方法，特别对于合并肝硬化的患者更有临床应用价值。     

Clinical and demographical characteristics of primary progressive multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is an uncommon form of multiple sclerosis (MS) in which the course of disease is progressive from onset. In a retrospective study amongst 1606 MS patients registered in Isfahan MS Society (IMSS) from April 2003 to 31 December 2005, 92 PPMS cases were identified. That means, the frequency of PPMS amongst all included MS patients would be 5.7% (95% CI: 6.7% and 4.7%). The mean expanded disability status scale (EDSS) for the group was 5.09 ± 1.3. The commonest mode of presentation was motor disturbance in 55 (59.8%), other modes of presentation were, vertigo in 15 (16.3%), visual problems in 12 (13%), sensory disturbances in six (6.5%), and diplopia in four (4.3%). The current existing symptoms were motor problems in all 92 (100%), cerebellar symptoms in 46 (50%), and cognitive impairment in only six (6.5%). Interestingly, two (2%) were affected by poliomyelitis during childhood and presenting symptom in both was limb weakness. Primary progressive form of MS is less common in Persian population and some of the rates observed in PPMS patients differ from those in other regions, these differences may be due to different ethnicity of Persian patients or to geographical differences.     

对原发性骨质疏松诊断的一些看法

原发性骨质疏松的诊断首先要除外继发性骨质疏松。后者包括的范围很广，内容也很多，需要广博的内科学基础和辨证的逻辑思维才能予以正确鉴别。骨密度检查只能作为一种参考，而不能作为诊断原发性骨质疏松的唯一依据。     

Depression Scale (DEPS) among suicide attempters

The Depression Scale (DEPS), a new screening instrument for detecting depression in primary health care, was compared with the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS) among 50 suicide attempters. Using the HDS as a gold standard, the positive and negative predictive values of the DEPS for the diagnosis of depression were 98% and 20%, respectively. The correlation between the total HDS scores and the total DEPS scores was 0.60. The DEPS may help general practitioners to detect depression among suicide attempters, but it should not be used to exclude depression.     

Sustained good glycaemic control in NIDDM patients by implementation of structured care in general practice: 2-year follow-up study

Summary In primary care it is difficult to treat the growing number of non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients according to (inter)national guidelines. A prospective, controlled cohort study was designed to assess the intermediate term (2 years) effect of structured NIDDM care in general practice with and without ’diabetes service' support on glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, general well-being and treatment satisfaction. The ’diabetes service', supervised by a diabetologist, included a patient registration system, consultation facilities of a dietitian and diabetes nurse educator, and protocolized blood glucose lowering therapy advice which included home blood glucose monitoring and insulin therapy. In the study group (SG; 22 general practices), 350 known NIDDM patients over 40 years of age (206 women; mean age 65.3 ± SD 11.9; diabetes duration 5.9 ± 5.4 years) were followed for 2 years. The control group (CG; 6 general practices) consisted of 68 patients (28 women; age 64.6 ± 10.3; diabetes duration 6.3 ± 6.4 years). Mean HbA_{1 c} (reference 4.3–6.1 %) fell from 7.4 to 7.0 % in SG and rose from 7.4 to 7.6 % in CG during follow-up (p = 0.004). The percentage of patients with poor control (HbA_{1 c} > 8.5 %) shifted from 21.4 to 11.7 % in SG, but from 23.5 to 27.9 % in CG (p = 0.008). Good control (HbA_{1 c} < 7.0 %) was achieved in 54.3 % (SG; at entry 43.4 %) and 44.1 % (CG; at entry 54.4 %) (p = 0.013). Insulin therapy was started in 29.7 % (SG) and 8.8 % (CG) of the patients (p = 0.000) with low risk of severe hypoglycaemia (0.019/patient year). Mean levels of total and HDL-cholesterol (SG), triglycerides (SG) and diastolic blood pressure (SG + CG) and the percentage of smokers (SG) declined significantly, but the prevalence of these risk factors remained high. General well-being (SG) did not change during intensified therapy. Treatment satisfaction (SG) tended to improve. Implementation of structured care, including education and therapeutic advice, results in sustained good glycaemic control in the majority of NIDDM patients in primary care, with low risk of hypoglycaemia. Lowering cardiovascular risk requires more than reporting results and referral to guidelines. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 1334–1340] Received: 5 February 1997 and in revised form: 22 May 1997     

原发性贲门失弛缓症的外科治疗(附10例报告)

作者对10例原发性贲门失弛级症进行手术治疗．采用Heller术8例，食管下段贲门切除术3例，其中再手术3例，附加幽门成形术4例。本组资料表明，Olsen分期Ⅰ～Ⅲ期行Heller术效果满意，不需附加手术，Ⅲ期需行食管下段贲门切除术。作者对手术方法、手术径路、附加手术与手术效果的关系等进行探讨。     

Primary Adenocarcinoma in the Urethrorectal Fistula

A 60-year-old Japanese man was hospitalized because of urinary leakage from the anus on October 3, 1994. Retrograde urethrography detected a fistula between the bulbous urethra and the rectum. Urethrocystoscopy revealed a tumor on the urethrorectal fistula. Tumor biopsy showed a well differentiated adenocarcinoma. Cystourethrectomy with fistulectomy, and ileal conduit urinary diversion were performed. Pathological examination revealed primary adenocarcinoma in the fistula with invasion to the prostatic urethra and bladder wall. The patient showed no evidence of a recurrence as of August, 1996.