七氟烷预处理联合后处理对肺缺血再灌注损伤大鼠血浆ET-1及肺组织TNF-α的影响

目的：探讨七氟烷预处理联合后处理对肺缺血再灌注（I/R）损伤大鼠血浆内皮素-1（ET-1）及肺组织TNF-α表达的影响。方法 SD大鼠54只,随机分为假手术组（ S组）、肺I/R组、七氟烷预处理与后处理联合组（ SPr＋o组）,每组各18只。 I/R组、Spr＋o组采用改良的Epinger方法制备肺I/R模型。 S组仅游离大鼠左肺门,但不阻断。 Spr＋o组阻断左肺门前给予2．1％七氟烷吸入30 min,洗脱10 min;阻断左肺门45 min后,在恢复灌注的同时给予2．1％七氟烷吸入30 min,之后再继续灌注90 min。 S组及I/R组不给予七氟烷干预。于再灌注30、60和120 min时各组随机取6只大鼠,处死取其肺组织测湿干重（ W/D）比,ELISA法测定血浆ET-1及肺组织TNF-α水平,HE染色观察肺组织病理改变。结果与S组相比,Spr＋o组与I/R组再灌注各时点肺组织W/D、TNF-α及血浆ET-1水平均升高（P＜0．05）。与I/R组相比,Spr＋o组再灌注各时点肺组织W/D、TNF-α及血浆ET-1水平均下降（P＜0．05）。 Spr＋o组再灌注各时点肺组织病理损伤与I/R组相比均有所减轻。结论七氟烷预处理联合后处理可减轻肺I/R损伤,其机制可能与抑制血浆ET-1水平及肺组织TNF-α表达有关。     

实验性家兔心脏和肾脏短暂缺血对急性心肌梗死后QT离散度影响的比较研究

目的分析心脏和肾脏短暂缺血预处理对急性心肌梗死(AMI)后QT间期离散度(QTd)变化的影响.方法观察AMI组(A组)、心脏缺血预处理(MIP)组(B组)和肾脏缺血处理(RIP)组(C组)新西兰兔在AMI前后的QTd,并行心肌电生理诱发室性心动过速(VT),对三组的指标进行比较,同时设假手术组(D组)作对照.结果四组在手术前QTd比较差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05);D组手术前后QTd比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);在AMI后,B、C二组QTd明显小于A组(P＜0.05),而B、C二组QTd比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论MIP和RIP均可减少AMI后QTd及室胜心律失常的发生,而且二者的作用无明显差异.     

Pharmacodynamic Effects of Pre-Hospital Administered Crushed Prasugrel in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

ObjectivesThis study sought to compare the pharmacodynamic effects of pre-hospitally administered P2Y₁₂ inhibitor prasugrel in crushed versus integral tablet formulation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).BackgroundEarly dual antiplatelet therapy is recommended in STEMI patients. Yet, onset of oral P2Y₁₂ inhibitor effect is delayed and varies according to formulation administered.MethodsThe COMPARE CRUSH (Comparison of Pre-hospital Crushed Versus Uncrushed Prasugrel Tablets in Patients With STEMI Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Interventions) trial randomized patients with suspected STEMI to crushed or integral prasugrel 60-mg loading dose in the ambulance. Pharmacodynamic measurements were performed at 4 time points: before antiplatelet treatment, at the beginning and end of pPCI, and 4 h after study treatment onset. The primary endpoint was high platelet reactivity at the end of pPCI. The secondary endpoint was impact of platelet reactivity status on markers of coronary reperfusion.ResultsA total of 441 patients were included. In patients with crushed prasugrel, the occurrence of high platelet reactivity at the end of pPCI was reduced by almost one-half (crushed 34.7% vs. uncrushed 61.6%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.22 to 0.50; p < 0.01). Platelet reactivity <150 P2Y₁₂ reactivity units at the beginning of coronary angiography correlated with improved Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3 in the infarct artery pre-pPCI (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.08 to 2.94; p = 0.02) but not ST-segment resolution (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.48 to 1.34; p = 0.40).ConclusionsOral administration of crushed compared with integral prasugrel significantly improves platelet inhibition during the acute phase in STEMI patients undergoing pPCI. However, a considerable number of patients still exhibit inadequate platelet inhibition at the end of pPCI, suggesting the need for alternative agents to bridge the gap in platelet inhibition.     

心肌内向整流钾通道（IK1）激动剂缺血预处理对再灌注性心律失常的影响

目的 在麻醉大鼠或离体灌流大鼠心脏建立缺血/再灌注（再灌注）性心律失常模型,应用心肌内向整流钾通道（IK1） 激动剂zacopride（扎考比利）中文 缺血预处理观察zacopride对再灌注性心律失常的效应并分析可能的机制。方法 在体实验：结扎SD大鼠心脏冠状动脉左前降支,局部缺血15 min,松扎后再灌15 min,建立再灌注性心律失常模型。在缺血前3 min（缺血预处理,pretreatment）分别给予1.5、15 或50 µg/kg zacopride。应用利多卡因（Lidocaine）做阳性对照药,IK1非特异性阻断剂氯喹拮抗zacopride的效应。全程连续记录心电图。离体实验：麻醉SD大鼠,开胸取出心脏,建立Tyrode液-Langendorff离体灌流系统,结扎SD大鼠心脏冠状动脉左前降支,局部缺血15 min,松扎后再灌15 min,建立离体再灌注性心律失常模型。缺血前3 min分别给予0.1、1或10 µmol/L zacopride观察预处理对离体再灌注性心律失常的影响,IK1非特异性阻断剂BaCl2 1 µmol/L拮抗zacopride的效应。结果 在体实验：应用1.5~50 zacopride缺血预处理可显著抑制再灌注诱发的心律失常,最适剂量为15 µg/kg（P<0.05）,与利多卡因效应相仿（P>0.05）;离体实验：Langendorff离体灌流心脏应用0.1~10 μmol/L zacopride缺血预处理可有效抑制再灌注心律失常的发生,1 μmol/L为zacopride作用最适浓度,其效应被1 μmol/L BaCl2明显逆转。结论 大鼠在体和离体实验证明,zacopride预处理可有效抑制再灌注性心律失常;应用低剂量的BaCl2可消除zacopride的抗心律失常作用,表明zacopride抗缺血-再灌注性心律失常作用是通过其激动IK1通道介导的。     

康复预处理对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠IL-23/IL-17轴的影响

目的：探讨康复预处理对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）小鼠白介素23（IL-23）／白介素17（IL-17）轴的影响。方法：对C57BL／6小鼠进行为期8周的康复预处理（跑台训练）,复制C57BI．／6小鼠EAE模型,建立模型组和预处理加模型组（预加模组）,并设立空白对照组,观察各组小鼠临床评分,用ELISA法检测各组小鼠血清IL-23和1L--17的表达。结果：预加模组小鼠临床评分明显低于模型组（1．44土0．56、2．75±1．13,P〈o．05）。模型组IL-23及IL-17的表达均较空白对照组高（P〈0．05）,预加模组较模型组低（P〈0．05）,预加模组和空白对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论：康复预处理能够延迟EAE发生,这一作用可以通过抑制IL-23／IL-17轴而实现。     

非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植的创新与展望

非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植(NST)是在传统异基因造血干细胞移植的基础上发展起来的新移植领域,它减轻了预处理强度并加强了移植前后的免疫处理.因其并发症轻、危险性小而有广泛的应用前景,也有许多未知领域有待继续探讨.     

Transcutaneous immunization with Intercell's vaccine delivery system

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) has become an attractive alternate route of immunization due to increase understanding of the skin immune system and to recent technical innovations in skin patch delivery systems. Basic principles of TCI have been demonstrated in animal and human studies, covering a variety of bacterial, viral, and cancer diseases. At Intercell, we have advanced two major platforms of TCI: 1) a needle-free vaccine delivery patch (VDP) and 2) a vaccine enhancement patch (VEP). Simplified, the VDP contains an antigen with or without an adjuvant that is administered on the skin; while the VEP contains only the adjuvant and is used in combination with an injected vaccine. In many of our TCI studies, the VDP or VEP is routinely applied on pretreated skin, in which the stratum corneum has been partially removed by mild abrasion. Recently, we have achieved technical breakthroughs in formulating and stabilizing vaccines in a dry patch format. For instance, a microplate-based screening process has been implemented to rapidly identify excipients, singularly or in combination, to stabilize biological macromolecules in patch blend formulations. A second technical innovation is our nonwoven (patch) disc matrix-supported drying technology, which allows efficient drying of our patch formulation blend to produce dry stable dosage forms of VDP or VEP. The low cost and the facileness in the manufacturing of VDP (or VEP) combined with the development of thermostable dry patches should improve the supply chain efficiency and reduce the dependence on cold chain.     

Polyaniline and Polyaniline-Based Materials as Sorbents in Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques

Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the best known and widely studied conducting polymers with multiple applications and unique physicochemical properties. Due to its porous structure and relatively high surface area as well as the affinity toward many analytes related to the ability to establish different types of interactions, PANI has a great potential as a sorbent in sample pretreatment before instrumental analyses. This study provides an overview of the applications of polyaniline and polyaniline composites as sorbents in sample preparation techniques based on solid-phase extraction, including conventional solid-phase extraction (SPE) and its modifications, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE), magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). The utility of PANI-based sorbents in chromatography was also summarized. It has been shown that polyaniline is willingly combined with other components and PANI-based materials may be formed in a variety of shapes. Polyaniline alone and PANI-based composites were successfully applied for sample preparation before determination of various analytes, both metal ions and organic compounds, in different matrices such as environmental samples, food, human plasma, urine, and blood.     

Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) Pretreatment Limits Free Radical Oxidative Stress in Patients Undergoing Coronary Bypass Surgery

A growing body of evidence supports the trigger role of free radicals in the delayed functional and metabolic myocardial recovery following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in humans, thus opening the field to specific therapies. This clinical study was designed to evaluate, in 15 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, whether the extent of CPB- and reperfusion-induced lipid peroxidation, ascorbate depletion, tissue necrosis, and cardiac dysfunction is reduced by orally administered EGb 761, a Ginkgo biloba extract withpotent in vitro antiradical properties. Patients received either EGb 761 (Tanakan, 320 mg/day, n = 8) or a matching placebo (n = 7) for 5 days before surgical intervention. Plasma samples were obtained from the peripheral circulation and the coronary sinus at crucial stages of the operation (i.e., before incision, during ischemia, and within the first 30 minutes post-unclamping), and up to 8 days postoperatively. Upon aortic unclamping, EGb 761 inhibited the transcardiac release of thiobarbituric acid species (p ` 0.05), as assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and attenuated the early (5–10 minute) decrease in dimethylsulfoxide/ascorbyl free radical levels, an electron spin resonance index of the plasma ascorbate pool (p ` 0.05). EGb 761 also significantly reduced the more delayed leakage of myoglobin (p = 0.007) and had an almost significant effect on ventricular myosin leakage (p = 0.053, 6 days postoperatively). The clinical outcome of recovery of treated patients was improved, but not significantly, compared with untreated patients. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of adjuvant EGb 761 therapy in limiting oxidative stress in cardiovascular surgery and suggest the possible role of highly bioavailable terpene constituents of the drug.