Response to the 2004-2005 influenza vaccine shortage in veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders and their providers

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To assess patient and provider behaviors regarding influenza vaccination, diagnosis, and testing strategies and the availability of influenza vaccine during the 2004-2005 nationwide influenza vaccine shortage. DESIGN/METHODS: Multisite, anonymous, cross-sectional surveys of patients and providers and qualitative interviews after the 2004-2005 influenza season. SETTING: Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care facilities with spinal cord injury centers or clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Stratified random sample of 3,958 veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI & D; 31% response rate), 177 providers who treat persons with SCI&D, and 17 key informants. RESULTS: Most patient respondents (96.1%) reported awareness of a vaccine shortage (n = 938). When asked whether the shortage affected their ability to get the vaccine, 64.8% said they had no problem, whereas 12.1% reported an inability to get the vaccine. The vaccination rate was 71.8%; most veterans received the vaccine early (October-November) at the VA, and vaccination rates increased with age (P < 0.0001). Although vaccine shortages were reported by 47.5% of provider survey respondents (n = 177), most reported that the vaccine shortage did not affect availability of vaccine for patients with SCI&D. Few clinicians conducted diagnostic tests for influenza more often than in past years (4.9%). Although providers reported shortages at 12 centers (n = 23), patients with SCI&D had priority at 11 of 12 centers. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients were aware of the vaccine shortage, and the vaccination rate remained high and comparable with previous years. VA providers and facilities targeted SCI&D as a high-risk group and prioritized use of the limited vaccine supply for them.     

股骨转子间骨折与股骨颈骨折内固定失效后行人工髋关节置换术的比较

目的将股骨转子间骨折行动力髋部螺钉(DHS)内固定术后的人工髋关节置换术与股骨颈骨折AO螺钉内固定术后行全髋关节置换术的临床结果相比较,总结股骨转子间骨折行DHS内固定术后的人工髋关节置换术经验以及治疗过程中的困难和随访结果。方法将1984年6月～2001年8月有完整资料的19例股骨转子间骨折行DHS内固定术后和配对的19例股骨颈骨折AO螺钉内固定术后行人工髋关节置换术的结果进行比较。使用SPSS软件中的配对T检验方法对本组病人的年龄、性别、DHS失效的原因、骨折至关节置换术时间、早期并发症、失血、手术时间及临床Harris的评分进行统计分析。结果在DHS组中,术后早期并发症(术中股骨近端骨折或术后髋关节脱位)的发生率明显高于AO螺钉组(0.01相似文献   

Survey of epidural analgesia management in general intensive care units in England

BACKGROUND: The management of epidural analgesia is controversial. Many intensive care unit (ICU) patients may benefit from this form of analgesia but have one or more contraindications to its use. Sepsis, coagulopathy, insertion in a sedated, ventilated patient, and lack of consent are common problems in ICU patients. Little has been published to help guide practice in this area. I wished to establish the current practice of the management of epidural analgesia in general ICUs in England when relative or absolute contraindications occur, in order to determine the current standard of care for placement and use of epidural analgesia in ICU patients. METHODS: A postal questionnaire survey of the management of epidural analgesia in critically ill patients was sent to the named clinical director of all (216) general ICUs in England. RESULTS: Responses were received from 159 (75%) units: 89% of responding units use epidural analgesia but only 51(32%) have a written policy covering its use. Anesthetists or intensivists with an anesthetic background sited all epidural catheters; 68% of units would not site an epidural in a patient with positive blood cultures; but only 52% considered culture negative sepsis (systemic signs of sepsis with no organism isolated) to be a contraindication. Neither lack of consent nor the need for anticoagulation after the catheter had been sited were considered contraindications to inserting an epidural catheter by the majority of respondents. Although 71% of the units would remove an epidural catheter if a patient developed positive blood cultures after it had been sited, the majority of the ICUs did not consider culture negative sepsis and the need for anticoagulation contraindications to maintain a previously sited epidural. CONCLUSIONS: Practice varied considerably with little consensus. Although all the respondents use epidural analgesia in critically ill patients, the indications and contraindications to epidural analgesia remain controversial, and further research is required to help define the role of epidural analgesia in this high-risk group.     

应用个案管理模式提高乳腺癌患者首次复查率

目的探讨应用个案管理模式对提高乳腺癌患者治疗后首次复查率的影响。方法回顾选择2015年1月至2015年3月,在我科新确诊为乳腺癌,接受常规医疗护理治疗的64例患者设为常规医疗护理组;选择2016年1月至2016年3月,在我科接受常规医疗护理治疗并同时应用个案管理模式的81例乳腺癌患者设为个案管理模式组,两组均在完成手术(或结束辅助治疗后)被告知三个月后返院首次复查,比较个案管理模式应用前后患者的首次复查率。结果常规医疗护理组的首次复查率为65.63%,个案管理模式组的首次复查率为87.65%,提高了22.02%,两组患者的复查率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),个案管理模式组优于常规医疗护理组。结论个案管理模式的应用能提高乳腺癌患者治疗后的首次复查率。     

整体护理对于监测胸部恶性肿瘤术后使用低分子肝素患者的护理观察

目的整体护理对于胸部恶性肿瘤患者术后使用低分子肝素减少静脉血栓(VTE)的预防作用。方法研究选择对象为佛山市顺德区两家医院2014年4月至2016年12月收治拟行限期胸部恶性肿瘤根治术的患者110例,分为对照组和观察组,各55例。术后早期给予低分子肝素皮下注射。对照组患者给予常规护理方式,观察组患者给予整体护理模式。记录两组护理效果和患者高凝患者比例及术后血栓性疾病的发生率,观察两组患者不同时间凝血相关指标。结果该项目共有38名外科护士得到参与这项研究检查,平均年龄为32岁(21~55岁)。对照组患者依从性达42.3%,观察组患者为95.0%。在对照组评估中伴有下肢轻度肿胀的5位患者中只有1位被发现,并且6位患者的肢体中有温暖或热量增加的证据都没有记录在护理记录中。在观察组在评估中伴有下肢轻度肿胀的4位患者中全部被发现,8名有肢体温暖证据的患者中只有3名没有记录。两组血液高凝患者比例及血栓性疾病比例差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者PLT、APTT组间比较及与各自治疗前相比及无显著差异(P0.05);对照组患者PT、D-Dimer术后与术前相比差异均显著(P0.05),观察组PT与术前比较差异不显著,与对照组相比差异显著(P0.05);观察组患者D-Dimer术后1天较术前均上升(P0.05),术后14天与术前相比差异不显著(P0.05),观察组各时间点Fib与术前相比差异不显著(P0.05),对照组术后14天与术前相比增高显著(P0.05)。结论整体护理方式对胸部恶性肿瘤患者术后观察使用低分子肝素后的护理有利于预防术后VTE的发生。     

人文关怀护理模式在颈椎病病人术后护理中的应用

目的 探讨人文关怀护理模式在颈椎病病人术后护理中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析我科2016年4月至2018年4月经过手术治疗颈椎病病人的护理资料。将2017年4月至2018年4月,我科病区开展人文关怀护理模式后的108例颈椎病病人纳入人文关怀组,其中男81例,女27例,年龄为25~65岁;收集2016年4月至2017年3月于我科手术治疗的102例颈椎病病人纳入对照组,其中男71例,女31例,年龄为26~68岁。收集并比较两组的住院满意度及住院期间的焦虑自评量表（self-rating anxiety scale, SAS）、抑郁自评量表（self-rating depression scale, SDS）评分。结果 人文关怀组病人各方面的满意度明显高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。人文关怀组108例病人护理后的SAS和SDS评分分别为（38.92±4.27）分、（43.72±2.87）分,对照组102例病人护理后的SAS和SDS评分分别为（60.34±3.12）分、（56.14±3.64）分,两组比较,人文关怀组的得分均显著低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。结论 在颈椎病病人术后护理中实施人文关怀措施,可有效提高病人的住院满意度,降低病人的焦虑和抑郁程度,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Optimal timing of HIV home‐based counselling and testing rounds in Western Kenya

Introduction

Weaknesses in care programmes providing anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) persist and are often instigated by late HIV diagnosis and poor linkage to care. We investigated the potential for a home‐based counselling and testing (HBCT) campaign to be improved through the optimal timing and enhancement of testing rounds to generate greater health outcomes at minimum cost.

Methods

Using a mathematical model of HIV care calibrated to longitudinal data from The Academic Model Providing Access To Healthcare (AMPATH) in Kenya, we simulated HBCT campaigns between 2016 and 2036, assessing the impact and total cost of care for each, for a further 20 years.

Results

We find that simulating five equally spaced rounds averts 1.53 million disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) at a cost of $1617 million. By altering the timing of HBCT rounds, a four‐round campaign can produce greater impact for lower cost. With “front‐loaded” rounds, the cost per DALY averted is reduced by 12% as fewer rounds are required ($937 vs. $1060). Furthermore, improvements to HBCT coverage and linkage to care avert over two million DALYs at a cost per DALY averted of $621 (41% less than the reference scenario).

Conclusions

Countries implementing HBCT can reduce costs by optimally timing rounds and generate greater health outcomes through improving linkage, coverage, and retention. Tailoring HBCT campaigns to individual settings can enhance patient outcomes for minimal cost.

     

急性白血病患儿的灵性需求及干预

目的改善急性白血病患儿负性情绪及其应对方式。方法将100例急性白血病患儿随机分为对照组与观察组各50例,在常规治疗的基上,对照组给予常规心理护理,观察组根据患儿灵性需求实施针对性干预。连续干预1个月后评价效果。结果干预后观察组患儿焦虑及抑郁评分、应对方式评分显著优于干预前及对照组(均P<0.01)。结论急性白血病患儿存在多方面灵性需求,针对性灵性护理可有效改善其心理状态及应对方式。     

早产儿医院-社区-家庭联动管理研究

目的探索医院-社区-家庭联动管理模式在早产儿居家护理中的实施效果。方法将84例早产儿随机分为观察组和对照组各42例。对照组接受常规早产儿院外护理健康教育及门诊随访,观察组采用医院-社区-家庭联动管理模式。矫正4、6月龄时比较两组早产儿生长发育状况、再入院率和夜晚睡眠效率。结果两组早产儿矫正6月龄神经心理发育评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01),身高、体质量、头围比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);夜晚睡眠效率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组矫正6个月早产儿再入院率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论医院-社区-家庭联动管理模式能显著提高矫正6月龄早产儿的神经心理发育,降低再入院率,短期内早产儿体格发育改善不明显。