CT平扫对急性胰腺炎及并发症诊断和预测预后的价值

目的 分析腹部CT扫描在急性胰腺炎并发症诊断及预测预后中的价值.方法 选取急性胰腺炎患者151例,分析腹部CT中常见表现与患者并发症和死亡的关系.对比不同Balthazar CT 严重指数 (CTSI)分级患者的预后情况.结果 CT中具有脂肪肝、胸腔积液、肝上间隙积液、肾上腺受侵(AGI)、肾周间隙受侵(PSI)和胃裸区受侵(GBAI)的患者,其并发症发生率显著高于上述CT征象阴性患者(P<0.05).随着CTSI分级加重,患者的禁食时间、发热时间、住院时间、血淀粉酶恢复时间逐渐延长,假性囊肿、中转手术、器官衰竭发生率和死亡率逐渐上升(P<0.05).结论 重度脂肪肝、AGI、GBAI、PSI和肝上间隙积液为急性胰腺炎患者并发症和死亡的危险因素.     

96例经皮椎体后凸成形术后骨水泥渗漏分析

目的回顾性观察经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折(osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture,OVCF)发生骨水泥渗漏的影像学特点,探讨PKP治疗OVCF并发骨水泥渗漏对临床疗效的影响。方法 2011年5月~2014年6月行PKP的OVCF患者共278例286个椎体,均行术中C型臂监测、术后X线片及CT检查以明确是否存在骨水泥渗漏,以及骨水泥渗漏的分型。发生骨水泥渗漏的96例102椎作为A组,男性28例,女性68例;年龄47~85岁,平均65.8岁;未发生骨水泥渗漏的182例184椎作为B组,男性48例,女性134例;年龄45~86岁,平均67.3岁。统计学分析比较两组术后椎体高度恢复、Cobb角变化,以及术前、术后、随访时腰背部疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)。结果 A组渗漏入椎管内28椎占27.5%,其中通过椎基静脉孔渗漏为26椎占25.5%,通过破裂的椎弓根渗漏入椎管2例占2.0%;渗漏入椎间隙内32例占31.4%;渗漏入其他部位(椎体侧方前方、椎旁静脉以及经针道渗漏)42例占41.1%。A组骨水泥注入量大于B组,有统计学意义(P0.05),两组术后椎体高度恢复、Cobb角变化以及术前、术后、随访时VAS无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 PKP常发生骨水泥渗漏,可能与注入骨水泥量过多有关;椎基静脉孔和椎体上终板是骨水泥渗漏的主要部位;骨水泥渗漏与椎体高度、Cobb角及患者疼痛缓解关系不明显。     

胰腺损伤并发症的治疗进展

胰腺损伤发生率较低,但是病死率很高。并发症是其致死的主要原因,对于并发症的正确处理是提高胰腺损伤抢救成功率的关键。胰腺损伤的常见并发症包括胰瘘、大出血、感染、腹腔间隙综合征、胰腺假性囊肿。应该根据胰腺损伤的程度,针对不同的并发症采取不同的治疗措施。治疗应遵循损害控制的原则,抢救生命是第一位。胰周充分引流,抑制胰液分泌,控制腹腔感染,综合运用介入和内镜等技术,酌情应用腹腔开放减压术。     

57例小肠损伤的诊断与治疗

目的探讨小肠损伤的诊断与治疗方法。方法收集江苏省人民医院溧阳分院普外科2008—2017年收治的小肠损伤57例,其中男性50例,女性7例;年龄22~87岁,平均51岁。外伤性小肠损伤多见于中年男性,其中道路交通伤23例(44.23%),钝器伤10例(19.23%),坠落伤8例(15.38%),锐器伤6例(11.53%),重物砸伤5例(9.61%),其他不明原因5例(9.61%)。探查发现受伤部位位于空肠28例(49.12%),位于回肠29例(50.87%)。剖腹探查指征:腹腔穿刺抽出脓性液体或者不凝血,CT或X线发现腹腔游离气体,部分患者血流动力学不稳定,进行性加重的腹痛持续无缓解,出现腹膜刺激征,考虑空腔脏器或者实质性脏器受损。根据受损部位及受损程度选择小肠修补术46例(80.70%)和小肠部分切除+吻合术11例(19.30%)。结果 57例中共出现并发症10例。采用逐步Logistic回归,以预后为因变量,其他因素为自变量,结果显示失血量为术后并发症的影响因素。失血量越多,预后越差(OR值为8.625)。结论小肠损伤多见于交通事故、击打、坠落等暴力致伤因素。术后相关并发症可能与失血量有关,提示在处理小肠损伤时提高诊断成功率、缩短患者接受手术时间,可减少术后并发症的发生。     

A comparative analysis of radiological and surgical placement of central venous catheters

Purpose To compare the differences in practice and outcome of all radiologically and surgically placed central venous catheters retrospectively over a 2-year period simultaneously, at a single institution. Methods A total of 253 Hickman catheters were inserted in 209 patients; 120 were placed radiologically in 102 patients and 133 were placed surgically in 107 patients. The indication was chemotherapy in 76% of radiological and in 47% of surgical cases; the remainder were for total parenteral nutrition and venous access. Results There were 6 (4.5%) primary surgical failures and a further 17 (13%) surgical cases requiring multiple placement attempts. Pneumothorax occurred once (0.8%) surgically and four times (3.3%) radiologically. There were no radiological primary misplacements but there were five (3.7%) surgical ones. Catheter or central vein thrombosis occurred in four (3.3%) radiological and five (3.7%) surgical cases. The rate of infection per 1000 catheter-days was 1.9 in radiologically placed catheters and 4.0 in surgically placed ones (p<0.001). Average catheter life-span was similar for the two placement methods (100±23 days). Conclusion Radiological placement is consistently more reliable than surgical placement. There are fewer placement complications and fewer catheter infections overall.     

经皮左锁骨下动脉导管药盒系统植入术的并发症及其处理

目的：探讨经皮左锁骨下动脉行导管药盒系统（ＰＣＳ）植入术的安全性。材料与方法：对１１５例胸、腹部及盆腔恶性实质性肿瘤患者（其中肝癌１０１例），经皮左锁骨下动脉穿刺行ＰＣＳ植入术。术后经ＰＣＳ行规律性化疗或碘油化疗乳剂栓塞。统计与该术有关的并发症。结果：并发症有气胸５例（４．３％），血胸１例（０．９％），植入药盒部位感染３例（２．６％），切口延迟愈合或开裂５例（４．３％），留置管移位６例（５．２％）。所有并发症经处理均痊愈，无严重后遗症及死亡病例。其中大量气、血胸３例，采用８Ｆ胸腔穿刺系统行胸腔闭式引流治疗痊愈；留置管移位者４例进行ＰＣＳ重植入术成功，３例拔除ＰＣＳ，均未见并发症。结论：经皮左锁骨下动脉行ＰＣＳ植入术的并发症少而轻，经适当处理多可痊愈，为动脉内化疗灌注和碘油化疗乳剂栓塞提供了一种安全可靠的途径。     

Peri-aortic fluid after surgery on the ascending aorta: Worrisome indicator of complications or innocent postoperative finding?

ObjectiveThe Bentall procedure is associated with several complications often accompanied by accumulation of fluid around the aortic graft. CT is the imaging modality of choice to detect these complications. Since these early complications are, however, not easily distinguished from physiological postoperative changes, our aim was to compare the appearance and amount of peri-aortic fluid on early CT scans following Bentall procedures with either an uncomplicated or a complicated course and follow-up.MethodsNinety-four scans performed within 3 months of a Bentall procedure were retrospectively included. Patients were divided into either the uncomplicated or the complicated group based on occurrence of Bentall-related complications or death up until 1-year after surgery. Diffuse fluid (“stranding”) was distinguished from organized, more clearly delineated fluid collections such as haematomas, and was graded both subjectively and quantitatively.ResultsForty-seven patients were assigned to each group. Stranding was found on most of the scans, both in the uncomplicated (7.7 ± 3.9 mm, range 0–17 mm) and complicated (6.9 ± 5.5 mm, range 0–19 mm) groups (p = 0.32). There were, however, significantly more fluid collections (6 vs. 28; p < 0.001), particularly haematomas (1 vs. 17; p < 0.001), in the complicated group. When looking at isolated stranding, there was still no significant difference between the two groups (7.8 ± 3.6 mm vs. 9.2 ± 3.7 mm; p = 0.22).ConclusionIsolated stranding of up to 17 mm is a common finding on postoperative CT within three months of a Bentall procedure, regardless of the occurrence of complications during the procedure or within a 1-year follow-up. Fluid collections are more worrisome indicators of complications that may require closer monitoring.     

Twiddler’s syndrome in a patient with a deep brain stimulation device for generalized dystonia

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the technique of neurostimulation of deep brain structures for the treatment of conditions such as essential tremor, dystonia, Parkinson’s disease and chronic pain syndromes. The procedure uses implanted deep brain stimulation electrodes connected to extension leads and an implantable pulse generator (IPG). Hardware failure related to the DBS procedure is not infrequent, and includes electrode migration and disconnection. We describe a patient who received bilateral globus pallidus internus DBS for dystonia with initially good clinical response, but the device eventually failed. Radiographs showed multiple twisting of the extension leads with disconnection from the brain electrodes and a diagnosis of Twiddler’s syndrome was made. Twiddler’s syndrome was first described in patients with cardiac pacemakers. Patients with mental disability, elderly and obese patients are at increased risk. Twiddler’s syndrome should be suspected whenever there is a failure of the DBS device to relieve symptoms previously responsive to stimulation. Surgical correction is usually required.