急性重症胰腺炎中转手术时机探讨

目的 探讨非手术治疗急性重症胰腺炎中转手术的时机及指征。方法 回顾分析1991年5月～2003年12月我科收治的308例急性重症胰腺炎患者的并发症发生率、死亡率及中转手术情况。结果 治愈284例(92．2％)，死亡24例(7．8％)。治疗过程中109例出现并发症，其中胰腺坏死组织继发感染12例，胰腺假性囊肿52例，多器官功能损害或衰竭24例，单个器官功能损害27例。中转手术23例(7．5％)，其中行胰腺坏死组织清除12例，胰腺假性囊肿感染引流2例，腹腔引流5例，胰腺脓肿引流1例，因急性坏死性胆囊炎和急性化脓性胆囊炎行胆道手术各1例，穿孔修补 胰包膜减压术1例。结论 急性重症胰腺炎早期采取积极的非手术治疗可获得满意的效果；对在非手术治疗过程中出现胰腺感染、不能控制的胆道感染、病情无好转且进行性恶化者或有其他外科并发症者及时中转手术，可望提高急性重症胰腺炎的治愈率。     

重症急性胰腺炎合并深部真菌感染的治疗经验

为分析重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)合并深部真菌感染的临床特点、危险因素及预后,并探讨其防治的策略,回顾性分析85例SAP合并感染的临床资料,其中43例合并真菌感染,42例为单纯细菌感染。研究发现2组的年龄、性别、病因、ICU住院时间均无显著性差异;真菌感染组较细菌感染组APACHE Ⅱ评分及CT分级高,发生菌群紊乱、腹压增高及器官障碍的概率高、手术次数多,且均有显著性差异。真菌组的病死率约是细菌组的2倍多(44.19％比21.43％)。结果提示:合并真菌感染病死率明显增高;APACHE Ⅱ评分、CT分级、菌群紊乱、腹压增高、手术次数是真菌感染发生的危险因素;当发现不明原因的发热、意识改变及大出血时应怀疑合并真菌感染的可能;预防性抗真菌药物的应用可能有助于防治真菌感染。     

鼻胆管引流灌注治疗急性胰腺炎的临床价值

目的　探讨鼻胆管引流灌注 (ENBD)治疗急性胰腺炎的临床价值。方法　 40例经B超或CT检查无胆总管、肝总管结石的急性胰腺炎患者随机分为ENBD治疗组和对照组 ,ENBD治疗组在常规逆行性胰胆管造影 (ERCP)检查时做胆汁常规检查及细菌培养 ,术后留置鼻胆管引流并交替应用 0 .9%氯化钠 5 0ml +庆大霉素 8万U 8h和 0 .5 %灭滴灵 5 0ml 8h灌注持续 3～ 5d ,对照组应用善宁 0 .1mg皮下注射 8h持续 3d并观察其 1年内的复发情况。结果　ENBD治疗组 2 0例患者胆汁中均发现有白细胞及黄、黑色泥沙样物 ,6例培养出微生物 ( 3 0 % ) ,ENBD治疗组与善宁治疗组的腹痛消失时间分别为 ( 8.45± 8.40 )h和 ( 3 8.10± 3 5 .43 )h(P =0 .0 0 2 ) ,血清淀粉酶恢复至正常所需时间分别为 ( 18.0 0± 8.2 6)h和 ( 5 6.40± 48.80 )h(P =0 .0 0 2 ) ,两组的 1年复发率分别为 5 %和 40 % ,其差异均有非常显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　鼻胆管引流灌注治疗急性胰腺炎疗效确切而安全 ,能减少复发 ,胆汁淤积和感染在急性胰腺炎的发病中起重要作用。     

143. Operationsindikation bei akuter Pankreatitis

Zusammenfassung Die Indikation zur Operation bei der AHNP ist bestimmt durch den Schweregrad und die Verlaufsdynamik der Erkrankung: Beides muß täglich neu kontrolliert und abgeschätzt werden, wobei hilfreiche Parameter vor allem das klinische Bild und einfache Labordaten sind. Die Computertomographie trägt nur bedingt zur Indikation bei. Eine Frühoperation ist indiziert bei Versagen der Intensivtherapie, Sepsis und vor allem bei drohender Nieren- und Lungeninsuffizienz. Eine Operation im postakuten Stadium sollte ebenfalls bei septischen Komplikationen durchgeführt werden. Engmaschige Verlaufskontrollen sind hier erforderlich.

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Indication for surgery in acute pancreatitis

Summary The indication for surgery in acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis (AHNP) depends on the severity of the disease and the clinical course. Both factors must be determined daily, based on clinical and laboratory data. CAT-scan does not contribute much to indication. An early operation is necessary if despite an optimal intensive care septic symptoms and signs persist and renal and respiratory failure occur. Surgery is indicated 2–3 weeks after onset of AHNP if septic complications (re)-occur. A close follow up is mandatory.

     

急性胰腺炎与内皮素、一氧化氮和氧自由基关系研究

目的　研究急性胰腺炎 (AP)与内皮素 (ET)、一氧化氮 (NO)和氧自由基关系。方法　急性胰腺炎 71例 ,应用放射免疫分析法测定血浆ET、NO和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) ,并与健康体检者 15例作对照。结果　急性胰腺炎血浆ET、NO明显升高 ,而SOD明显降低 ,与健康对照组比较差异显著 (P <0 0 1) ;且重症胰腺炎的ET和NO增高、SOD降低尤为明显 ,与轻症胰腺炎相比较有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1)。结论　血浆的ET、NO和SOD异常消长在急性胰腺炎发生、发展过程中具有重要作用。     

Interdigestive small bowel motility and duodenal bacterial overgrowth in experimental acute pancreatitis

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of an acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP), without biliary obstruction, on the migrating motor complex (MMC), small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO), bacterial translocation (BT) and infection of the pancreas simultaneously. Rats were divided into four groups: mild pancreatitis, control, ANP and sham operated control. Jejunal myoelectrodes were used to measure MMCs. Blood, peritoneal fluid, bile, and abdominal organs were harvested for microbial culturing 72 h after induction of pancreatitis. The splenic portion of the pancreas was taken for histology. During ANP the MMC cycle length was significantly increased from 14.1 +/- 0.2 to 22.4 +/- 1.9 min (P < 0.05). The duodenum of ANP rats was in contrast with the other groups characterized by Enterobacteriacae (> 3 log 10 CFU g-1 in seven of 12 rats, P < 0.05). A positive correlation (r = 0.78, P < 0.01) existed between duodenal Gram-negative and anaerobic flora and the MMC cycle. Correlation between MMC cycle length and BT to the pancreas was positive as well (r = 0.70, P < 0.01). A positive correlation (r = 0.85, P < 0.01) was found between the severity of pancreatitis and duodenal bacterial overgrowth. During ANP without biliary obstruction, the jejunal MMC is disturbed and consequently SBBO occurs. The correlation between the severity of pancreatitis, the disturbance of the MMC and SBBO suggests an important pathophysiological role of the proximal small bowel in the infection of pancreatic necrosis.     

腹膜透析对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠肾损害的保护作用

目的探讨腹膜透析(PD)对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠肾损害的保护作用并探讨可能的机制。方法SD大鼠72只随机分为对照组(24只)、SAP组(24只)和PD组(24只),观察各组血清前列腺素(TXA2/6-K-PGF1a)及内皮素(ET-1)水平和肾脏病理变化。结果SAP组和PD组血清ET-1水平较对照组明显升高,同时段SAP组与PD组比较,PD组水平明显降低;SAP组和PD组血清TXA2/6-K-PGF1a水平较对照组明显升高,同时段SAP组与PD组比较,PD组水平明显降低。PD组大鼠肾病理损害较SAP组明显减轻。结论血液流变异常参与SAP肾损害的发生,早期进行PD治疗对SAP大鼠肾有保护作用,其可能的机制是改善微循环、清除炎症介质等。     

Tetrahydrobiopterin Attenuates Microvascular Reperfusion Injury Following Murine Pancreas Transplantation

In this study we investigated the effect of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for nitric oxide synthases, on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) following murine pancreas transplantation. Pancreatic grafts were exposed to prolonged cold ischemia times (CIT) and different treatment regimens: normal saline (S), S + 16 h CIT, BH4 50 mg/kg + 16 h CIT. Nontransplanted animals served as controls. Graft microcirculation was analyzed by means of functional capillary density (FCD) and capillary diameters (CD) after 2 h reperfusion using intravital microscopy. Quantification of inflammatory responses (mononuclear infiltration) and endothelial disintegration (edema formation) was done by histology (hematoxylin and eosin), and peroxynitrite formation assessed by nitrotyrosine immunostaining. FCD was significantly reduced after prolonged CIT, paralleled by increased peroxynitrite formation as compared with controls (all p < 0.05). Microcirculatory changes correlated significantly with intragraft peroxynitrite generation (Spearman: r = -0.56; p < 0.01). Pancreatic grafts treated with BH4 displayed markedly higher FCD values (p < 0.01) and abrogated nitrotyrosine staining (p = 0.03). CD were not significantly different in any group. Histology showed increased inflammation, interstitial edema, hemorrhage, acinar vacuolization and focal areas of necrosis after 16 h CIT, which was diminished by BH4 administration (p < 0.01). BH4 treatment significantly reduces post-ischemic deterioration of microcirculation as well as histologic damage and might be a promising novel strategy in attenuating IRI following pancreas transplantation.     

假肿瘤性胰腺炎10例影像诊断

本文报告了10例假肿瘤性胰腺炎（PseudotumorousPancreatitis），结合文献报道分析了该病的临床表现、影像学征象、手术探查结果和病理表现。笔者认为：本病在组织学论断前难以和胰腺肿瘤鉴别，对年龄较轻且无黄疸的患者可作经皮穿刺活俭及随诊明确诊断，对年龄较大或有黄疸者应考虑手术探查。     

急性胰腺炎大鼠血浆内皮素和一氧化氮水平变化及卡托普利的早期干预作用

目的 观察急性胰腺炎大鼠血浆内皮素、一氧化氮水平变化及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂卡托普利对其的早期干预作用。方法 63只SD大鼠分对照组、急性胰腺炎组、卡托普利干预组3组进行不同处理。对照组仅作胃窦切开再缝合术；急性胰腺炎组用十二指肠闭襻法制作急性胰腺炎模型；卡托普利干预组在胰腺炎模型制备后立即腹腔注射卡托普利针(5mg／kg)，在病程不同时点测定血浆内皮素、一氧化氮水平，并观察胰腺组织病理学改变。结果 急性胰腺炎组随病变的进展，胰腺炎病理由水肿向出血坏死发展，而内皮素和一氧化氮从两者平行升高逐渐转向内皮素单一升高，致内皮素／一氧化氮比值上升；卡托普利干预组则胰腺炎病理改变减轻，胰腺组织病理学评分降低，且血浆内皮素水平低于急性胰腺炎组，而一氧化氮总体水平与急性胰腺炎组比较差别无显著性意义，内皮素／一氧化氮比值基本与对照组一致。结论 早期应用卡托普利可维持内皮素与一氧化氮平衡，对大鼠急性胰腺炎病变可能有保护作用。