鼠输尿管完全梗阻后肾脏病理及足细胞表型改变的研究

 目的观察鼠输尿管完全梗阻后肾脏病理和足细胞表型改变的时序变化,寻找输尿管梗阻后肾脏发生不可逆损伤的时相。方法建立单侧输尿管完全梗阻动物模型,梗阻后不同时间点取出肾脏,经HE染色和免疫荧光双标方法,观察肾脏病理及足细胞表型的改变。结果大体观察,梗阻24h后出现肾盂扩张,梗阻3d后出现肾皮质变薄。组织学观察,梗阻12h后出现一部分近曲小管扩张,小管上皮细胞呈水样变性肿胀,在梗阻3d后出现大量小管上皮细胞变形肿胀。免疫荧光双标法,梗阻24h后有少量足细胞、巨噬细胞同时被2种抗体标记,2d后足细胞呈减少趋势,而巨噬细胞逐渐增多。结论输尿管梗阻后在肾脏病理改变早于肾脏发生形态学改变的发生,输尿管梗阻后24h发生足细胞表型的改变,与肾脏肾盂出现明显扩张的时间相近,随着梗阻时间的延长,肾脏病理改变逐渐加重,足细胞转化逐渐增多。     

糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤机制及中药干预研究进展

糖尿病肾病是糖尿病常见并发症,发病率逐年上升。作为肾小球滤过屏障的组成部分,足细胞在糖尿病肾病的发生发展过程中起着重要作用。文章从足细胞的结构功能、损伤表现出发,探讨糖尿病肾病状态下足细胞损伤的机制,并总结近年来中药在干预糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤中发挥的作用。     

A fast and simple clearing and swelling protocol for 3D in-situ imaging of the kidney across scales

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基于玄府理论的固本通络方对IgA肾病大鼠Podocin mRNA和α-actinin-4 mRNA表达的影响

目的:探析基于玄府理论的固本通络方对IgA肾病大鼠Podocin mRNA和α-actinin-4 mRNA表达的调节及对IgA肾病蛋白尿的治疗作用。方法:将80只SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、中药组和科素亚组,采用牛血清清蛋白+四氯化碳+蓖麻油+脂多糖的方法建立IgA肾病大鼠模型。分别于造模结束后、治疗2周、治疗4周后检测各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白定量、血肌酐、尿素氮水平。治疗2周和4周时,采用光镜、免疫荧光法观察肾小球形态学变化;PCR法检测Prodocin、α-actinin-4 mRNA表达量。结果:治疗前,正常组24 h尿蛋白定量明显少于模型组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。模型组、中药组及科素亚组肾脏病理示肾小球系膜增生,基底膜增厚,系膜区IgA荧光强度极高。经治疗,与模型组比较,中药组及科素亚组在治疗2周、4周后24 h尿蛋白定量明显下降,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);中药组在治疗2周、治疗4周后与科素亚组比较24 h尿蛋白定量均减少,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,治疗后中药组和科素亚组Podocin mRNA含量明显升高,α-actinin-4 mRNA含量均明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗4周与治疗2周比较,科素亚组Podocin含量明显升高,中药组α-actinin-4 mRNA含量均明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗4周后中药组α-actinin-4 mRNA含量均明显低于科素亚组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中药组及科素亚组肾小球病变较治疗前损伤程度轻,荧光强度明显减低。结论:固本通络方可以减轻IgA肾病大鼠蛋白尿与调节足细胞Podocin和α-actinin-4表达有关。     

Podocytic degeneration and regeneration in puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy in the rat

In various types of chronic glomerulonephritis, proliferation of mesangial and endothelial cells is often seen together with extracellular matrix accumulation. In contrast, the proliferation of visceral glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) has not been detected in any disease in which these cells are the principal target of injury. To examine whether proliferation of podocytes occurs, puromycin aminonucleoside nephropathy was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of puromycin aminonucleoside (15mg/100g of bodyweight). In this nephropathy model of nephrotic syndrome with minimal change, the main lesions consisted of vacuolation and flattened foot processes of podocytes, which are the primary target of puromycin aminonucleoside. Urine protein excretion and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells were examined. The PCNA+ podocytic count reached its maximum on day 3, indicating that the most marked podocytic proliferation occurs just after the injection of PAN. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion in this nephropathy model supported the hypothesis that mitosis of podocytes occurs in association with recovery on day 13.     

大鼠足细胞的原代培养及其Nephrin的特异表达

目的 建立简便的大鼠足细胞原代培养体系,检测其去氧肾上腺素(Nephrin) mRNA及蛋白的表达水平.方法 无菌取肾,分离肾皮质,胶原酶消化法分离肾小球,培养9～10d,胰蛋白酶差异消化法传代,过筛去除肾小球继续培养5～7 d:形态学观察和间接免疫荧光法进行足细胞鉴定;流式细胞仪分析足细胞纯度;实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)、间接免疫荧光法和Western blot法比较前三代足细胞中Nephrin mRNA及蛋白的表达水平.结果 接种5d后大部分肾小球贴壁,肾小球周围有细胞爬出,其最外缘有树枝状细胞分布,形态学及特异性抗体Nephrin、WT-1鉴定为足细胞;流式细胞仪分析足细胞纯度为94.7％;间接免疫荧光和qRT-PCR均显示:与第二、三代足细胞相比,第一代足细胞中Nephrin mRNA和蛋白表达均较高(均P＜0.05);Western blot示体外培养大鼠足细胞表达两种分子量的Nephrin,且第一代足细胞Nephrin灰度值高于第二、三代足细胞(P＜0.05).结论 酶消化法结合差异过筛法接种可促进肾小球贴壁,有利于培养纯度高的足细胞;大鼠足细胞体外培养条件下能特异性表达Nephrin结构及功能蛋白.     

Urinary podocytes in childhood IgA nephropathy

SUMMARY: We have previously demonstrated the presence of detached podocytes in the urine in various glomerular diseases. In this study, we investigated the pathological significance of detachment of urinary podocytes (u-podocytes) in childhood IgA nephropathy. We investigated 28 children with IgA nephropathy. U-podocytes were detected in the urinary sediment by immunofluorescence. Renal pathological changes and urinalysis, including the u-podocyte test, were analysed. The expression of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) components, integrins and cytoskeleton components on urinary podocytes was investigated using dual immunofluorescence in 12 patients. The u-podocyte score paralleled the acute glomerular changes in renal biopsy samples. The infiltration of glomerular macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and the number of urinary leucocytes, correlated highly with the u-podocyte score. Some of the u-podocytes expressed integrins and also components of the GBM. Detachment of podocytes reflects the presence of acute glomerular lesions. Infiltration of glomerular leucocytes is considered to be the cause of the detachment, partly because of the destruction of the GBM.     

芪卫颗粒干预糖尿病肾病小鼠足细胞损伤的作用研究＊

目的：探讨芪卫颗粒干预糖尿病肾病小鼠足细胞损伤的作用机制。方法：28只8周龄KK-Ay小鼠成模后分为模型组和芪卫低剂量组、芪卫中剂量组及芪卫高剂量组,另8只C57BL/6J小鼠设为正常对照组。实验中纪录小鼠一般状况、血糖、24 h尿蛋白定量。治疗10周后检测小鼠肾功能指标血清肌酐及尿素氮,并称取小鼠肾脏,固定后行小鼠肾组织苏木精-伊红（HE）、Masson、过碘酸希夫（PAS）染色,并制作肾母细胞瘤基因（WT-1）免疫组化,结合软件分析计算小鼠肾小球足细胞数。蛋白质印迹法（Western Blot）检测小鼠肾脏中nephrin蛋白表达,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测nephrin mRNA的表达。结果：与模型组相比,芪卫颗粒治疗10周后小鼠体质量、血糖、24 h尿蛋白定量及血肌酐明显降低,并有效改善肾小球系膜增生等病理损害,保护足细胞数目。芪卫颗粒治疗后的nephrin蛋白表达量及mRNA表达量均显高于模型组。结论：芪卫颗粒可能通过调节nephrin表达而改善糖尿病肾病小鼠足细胞损伤。     

Ginsenoside Rg1 protects mouse podocytes from aldosterone-induced injury in vitro

Aim： Aldosterone is elevated in many diseases such as hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and chronic kidney disease, etc. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aldosterone on intracellular ROS production and autophagy in podocytes in vitro, and to explore the possibility of ginsenoside Rg1 （Rg1） being used for protecting podocytes from aldosterone-induced injury.
Methods： MPC5 mouse podocyte cells were tested. Autophagosome and autophagic vacuole formation were examined under confocal microscopy with MDC and acridine orange staining, respectively. ROS were detected with flow cytometry. Malondialdehyde content and superoxide dismutase （T-SOD） activity were measured using commercial kits. The expression of LC3-II, beclin-1, SOD2 and catalase was measured by Western blotting.

Results： Treatment with aldosterone （10 nmol/L） significantly increased ROS generation and the expression of SOD2 and catalase in MPC5 cells. Furthermore, treatment with aldosterone significantly increased the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, beclin-1 expression and autophagosome formation. Co-treatment with rapamycin （1 ng/mL） or chloroquine （10 μmol/L） further increased aldosterone-induced autophagosome formation. Co-treatment with Rg1 （80 ng/mL） effectively relieved oxidative stress and increased T-SOD activity at the early stage and subsequently decreased autophagy in aldosterone-treated podocytes. Co-treatment with 3-MA （4 mmol/L） or NAC （50 mmol/L） exerted similar effects against aldosterone-induced autophagy in podocytes.

Conclusion： Aldosterone enhances ROS generation and promotes autophagy in podocytes in vitro. Ginsenoside-Rg1 effectively relieves aldosterone-induced oxidative stress, thereby indirectly inhibiting aldosterone-induced podocyte autophagy.