足细胞自噬与糖尿病肾病的关系及中医药调控研究进展

糖尿病肾病(DN)是糖尿病(DM)严重的微血管并发症之一,是世界范围内终末期肾脏病(ESRD)的主要病因.通过降糖、降压、阻断肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)等方法虽可一定程度的降低血糖、血压和尿蛋白,但有时仍难以阻止DN的进展.中医药对DN的疗效肯定,但其作用机制尚未完全阐明.自噬(autophagy)是哺乳...     

糖尿病肾病的中医药实验研究进展

糖尿病肾病是糖尿病极其常见的并发症之一,是构成终末期肾脏病的重要组成部分,西医主要依靠治疗原发病来延缓疾病进展,糖尿病肾病发病机制尚不明确,目前研究表明与足细胞损伤、微循环障碍、炎症反应、氧化应激等密切相关。动物实验可重复性高、可操作性强,中药复方、单味中药及中药成分确有疗效,就近十多年来中医药治疗糖尿病肾病的实验研究进行综述。     

儿童原发性肾病综合征肾组织CD2AP表达与足细胞损伤相关性的初步探讨

目的观察原发性肾病综合征(PNS)患儿肾组织CD2AP蛋白和mRNA的表达,探讨其与足细胞损伤的关系。方法以2012年1月至2013年6月上海市儿童医院收治的PNS且行肾活检的病例为PNS组,以同期我院行泌尿系统肿瘤切除患儿为对照组,取远离肿瘤并病理确认为正常肾组织。PNS组和对照组均行常规切片染色,光镜观察肾脏组织病理改变,电镜观察足细胞的结构变化,分别采用q PCR和免疫组化测定肾组织CD2AP mRNA和蛋白的表达。PNS组CD2AP mRNA表达与血清白蛋白(ALB)、SCr、三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、补体C3、24 h尿蛋白定量和肾小球滤过率(e GFR)行相关性分析。结果 PNS组18例、对照组11例进入分析,两组性别和年龄差异无统计学意义。1PNS组肾组织CD2AP蛋白的表达较对照组降低,(1.302±0.885)vs(2.24±1.18),P0.05,且病理表现为局灶节段性硬化(FSGS)的PNS患儿CD2AP蛋白表达最低。2PNS组肾组织CD2AP mRNA的表达较对照组下调,(0.008 58±0.006 12)vs(0.019±0.012),P0.05。3PNS组肾组织CD2AP mRNA表达与血清TG(r=-0.527,P0.05)、24 h尿蛋白定量(r=-0.602,P0.01)呈负相关,与肾组织CD2AP的蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.788,P0.01),而与血清Alb、TC、补体C3、GFR和SCr无显著相关性。结论 PNS患儿肾小球足细胞中CD2AP的蛋白和mRNA表达降低,特别是病理表现为FSGS的患儿,可能对足细胞病变的诊断有一定帮助。CD2AP的表达量可能与PNS临床指标相关。     

大麻二酚对高糖诱导小鼠肾脏足细胞系MPC5细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的 探讨大麻二酚(cannabidiol,CBD)对高糖环境中小鼠足细胞系MPC5细胞凋亡的影响.方法 将MPC5细胞分为对照组(Vehicle)、高糖组(high glucose,HG)和CBD组.CCK-8试剂盒检测MPC5细胞的增殖活性,流式细胞术检测MPC5细胞的凋亡率,Western blot检测裂孔膜蛋白...     

Expression and localization of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in normal and proteinuric kidney glomeruli

Aim: Insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) acts on target cells in an endocrine and/or local manner through the IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR), and its actions are modulated by multiple IGF binding proteins (IGFBP). To elucidate the roles of local IGFBP in kidney glomeruli, the expression and localization of their genes were examined and compared with normal and proteinuric kidney glomeruli. Methods: A cDNA microarray database (MAd‐761) was constructed using human kidney glomeruli and cortices. The gene expression levels of IGF‐I, IGF‐1R and IGFBP (1–10) were examined in glomeruli and cortices by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH), and the expression levels of IGFBP that were abundantly found in the glomerulus were compared between normal and proteinuric kidneys in rats and humans. Results: IGFBP‐2, ‐7 and ‐8 were demonstrated to be abundantly and preferentially expressed in the glomerulus. In PCR, the expression levels of the IGFBP‐2, ‐7, ‐8 and ‐10 genes in glomeruli were shown to have more than doubled compared with their levels in the cortices. In ISH, the IGFBP‐2, ‐7, ‐8 and ‐10 genes were found to be localized in glomerular cells including podocytes, and their increased expression was observed in inflammatory glomeruli. IGF‐I gene expression was localized in glomerular podocytes, whereas the IGF‐IR gene was expressed in glomerular podocytes and cortical tubular cells. In nephrotic rats, the expression of the IGFBP‐10 gene was increased in glomerular podocytes; however, the expression levels of IGFBP‐2, ‐7 and ‐8 did not change. Conclusion: IGFBP‐2, ‐7, ‐8 and ‐10 are produced by normal and injured glomerular podocytes and may regulate local IGF‐I actions in podocytes and/or cortical tubular cells in the kidney.     

尿液足细胞排泄与IgA肾病的相关关系

目的 探讨尿液足细胞排泄与IgA肾病病理损伤严重程度的相关性.方法 36例IgA肾病患者,按IgA肾病病理组织学Lee分级分为4组,采用免疫酶细胞化学方法,应用小鼠抗人PCX单克隆抗体进行标记,计数足细胞,同时检测临床检验指标,进行尿液足细胞排泄水平及临床检验指标与IgA肾病病理损伤严重程度的分析.结果 IgA肾病4组与1组相比,尿蛋白定量、血清胆固醇、血尿素氮及血清肌酐水平明显升高,血浆白蛋白水平明显降低;3组与1组相比,尿蛋白定量及血尿素氮水平明显升高;2组与1组相比,仅血尿素氮水平明显升高(P<0.05).IgA肾病4组尿液足细胞排泄水平明显高于1组和2组(P<0.05);尿液足细胞排泄水平与IgA肾痛Lee分级水平具有明显的相关性(r=0.432,P=0.01).结论 尿液足细胞的排泄水平随IgA肾病肾脏病理改变的加重而增多,两者具有明显的相关性.     

A new role for the neuronal ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) in podocyte process formation and podocyte injury in human glomerulopathies

Glomerular epithelial cell (podocyte) injury is characterized by foot process retraction, slit diaphragm reorganization, and degradation of podocyte-specific proteins. However, the mechanisms underlying podocyte injury are largely unknown. The ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) is a key modulator of ubiquitin modification in neurons. Like neurons, UCH-L1 expression was associated with an undifferentiated status in cultured human podocytes, whereas differentiation and arborization decreased UCH-L1 and monoUb expression. Inhibition of UCH-L1 induced time and concentration-dependent process formation with alpha-actinin-4 distribution to the cell membrane and processes. An immunohistochemical approach was used to evaluate whether UCH-L1 expression was associated with podocyte injury in 15 different human glomerular diseases. Whereas normal kidneys expressed no UCH-L1 and little ubiquitin, a subset of human glomerulopathies associated with podocyte foot process effacement (membranous nephropathy, SLE class V, FSGS) de novo expressed UCH-L1 in podocyte cell bodies, nuclei, and processes. Interestingly, UCH-L1 expression correlated with podocyte ubiquitin content and internalization of the podocyte-specific proteins nephrin and alpha-actinin-4. In contrast, minimal change glomerulonephritis, a reversible disease, demonstrated minimal UCH-L1 and ubiquitin expression with intact alpha-actinin-4 but internalized nephrin. Glomerular kidney diseases typically not associated with foot process effacement (SLE class IV, ANCA+ necrotizing GN, amyloidosis, IgA nephritis) expressed intermediate to no UCH-L1 and ubiquitin. These studies show a role for UCH-L1 and ubiquitin modification in podocyte differentiation and injury.     

Nephrin—signature molecule of the glomerular podocyte?

In recent years there has been an explosion of interest in the glomerular podocyte, which plays a central role in control of glomerular filtration. A host of new molecules have been identified as playing essential roles in the maintenance of podocyte integrity in both humans and mouse models. Of all of these, arguably the most pivotal is nephrin, a transmembrane receptor molecule located at the specialized podocyte cell–cell junction, termed the slit diaphragm. Mutations in this gene cause the most severe form of congenital nephrotic syndrome, and many interacting proteins have now been described to form a large multiprotein complex with complex dynamics. There is little evidence of functional nephrin expression outside the glomerulus, and there are accumulating data that nephrin is essential for the unique properties of podocyte biology. Utilizing a powerful human cell culture model, comparing wild‐type with nephrin‐null podocytes, we can show that several crucial functional properties of podocytes depend on nephrin, including insulin responsiveness and cytoskeletal reorganization. Thus, it is reasoned that nephrin is a signature molecule required to define distinct podocyte characteristics. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.