The neurostructural and neurocognitive effects of physical activity: A potential benefit to promote eating disorder recovery

Accumulating evidence suggests that supervised and adapted physical activity provides cognitive benefits for individuals with eating disorders (EDs). The mechanisms underlying the benefits of physical activity are poorly understood. Addressing this knowledge gap may inform the appropriate integration of structured physical activity into eating disorders treatment and recovery. We draw attention to recent findings in the study of the impact of physical activity on the brain, and we describe the neurostructural and neurocognitive changes associated with physical activity observed in various clinical and nonclinical populations. Considering the identified impairment in brain volume- and/or neurocognitive function in various EDs, we propose that positive effects of physical activity may play a meaningful role in successful ED treatment. Accordingly, we outline research steps for closing the knowledge gap on how physical activity may aid in ED recovery, and emphasize the need to combine measures of cognitive and behavioral responses to physical activity, with technology capable of measuring changes in brain structure and/or function.     

Work factors facilitating working beyond state pension age: Prospective cohort study with register follow-up

Objectives:The demographic changes in Europe underline the need for an extension of working lives. This study investigates the importance of physical work demands and psychosocial work factors for working beyond the state pension age (65 years).Methods:We combined data from three cohorts of the general working population in Denmark (DWECS 2005 and 2010, and DANES 2008), where actively employed workers aged 55–59 years replied to questionnaires about work environment and were followed until the age of 66 years in the Danish AMRun register of paid employment. Using logistic regression analyses, we calculated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between physical and psychosocial work factors and working beyond state pension age, adjusted for age, sex, cohort, cohabiting, sector, income, vocational education, working hours, lifestyle, and previous sickness absence.Results:Of the 2884 workers aged 55–59 years, 1023 (35.5%) worked beyond the state pension age. Higher physical work demands was associated with a lower likelihood (PR 0.69, 95% CI 0.58–0.82) and a good psychosocial work environment was associated with higher likelihood (average of 7 items: PR 1.81, 95% CI 1.49–2.20) of working beyond state pension age. Stratified analyses did not change the overall pattern, ie, a good overall psychosocial work environment – as well as several specific psychosocial factors – increased the likelihood of working beyond state pension age, both for those with physically active and seated work.Conclusion:While high physical work demands was a barrier, a good psychosocial work environment seems to facilitate working beyond state pension age, also for those with physically active work.     

Healthy by Association: The relationship between social participation and self-rated physical and psychological health

This paper investigates the relationship between social participation and subjective health. Using individual-level data from the British Household Panel Survey, we show that being an active member of a social or sport organisation increases self-rated physical and psychological health. For men, the benefits of social interaction work primarily via physical pathways, while women report a more psychosocial channel. We separate the main results by occupation and document some heterogeneity. Manual workers find more physical and psychological relief via social involvement, whereas non-manual workers are more likely to take relief from sport participation. Interestingly, as the number of associations in which the individual is active increases, the incremental increase in social benefits diminishes. Our findings point to the importance of promoting social and sport activities in health communication and policy making.     

Older gay men's engagement with physical activity: A scoping review

Older gay men experience an elevated prevalence of adverse health conditions that may be compounded by age-related deterioration. Some of these conditions may be ameliorated by regular adherence to physical activity (PA). However, many gay men participate in less PA than their age-matched heterosexual counterparts. With a focus on gay men aged 60 and over, the aims of this review were to examine the evidence for older gay men's engagement with PA and the research approaches used to describe this group. A systematic search of six academic databases (Academic Search Premier, Cinahl, PubMed, Sport Discus, APA PsychInfo and APA PsychArticles) generated 23 papers from 1970 to 2020 that focused on older gay men's engagement with PA. Although surveys were well represented in the literature, further studies utilising qualitative methodological frameworks have the potential to inform targeted interventional programs aimed at reducing less health disparities. The value of PA in older adults lies principally in improved performance of activities of daily living, independent living, increased longevity, decreased cognitive decline and improved mental well-being.     

Early childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and teen depression symptoms in the U.S.

Among the various negative outcomes of intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure to children, depression symptoms are worthy of attention given the effects on well-being and long-term achievement. This study examined the effects of early childhood exposure to IPV between ages 1 and 3 on depression symptoms at age 15 and investigated whether maternal physical punishment at age 5 and peer bullying victimisation at age 9 affected the association. Data came from five waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. The study was based on 20 U.S. cities with populations of over 200,000 people. The most recent wave of data collection occurs during the period between 2014 and 2017. The final analytic sample was 1,690 children. Structural equation modeling was utilised to examine the effects of exposure to IPV on physical punishment, bullying victimisation, and depression symptoms. Early exposure to IPV was associated with experiencing physical punishment at Year 5, which subsequently increased peer bullying victimisation at Year 9 and then depression symptoms at Year 15. Early exposure to IPV had a direct effect on depression symptoms at Year 15. Early exposure to IPV also had indirect effects on Year 15 depression symptoms through its effects on physical punishment and bullying victimisation. The total standardised effect of early exposure on depression symptoms was 0.06. Consistent with trauma theory and the ecobiodevelopmental framework, the results indicate that exposure to IPV appeared to have a long-term effect on children, manifested in teen depression symptoms.     

乳腺肿瘤的影像学诊断进展

乳腺肿瘤属女性的常见病之一,且乳腺恶性肿瘤患者的病死率较高。随着医疗技术水平的不断提升,超声、X线等影像学技术已被广泛应用于乳腺肿瘤的诊断中,尤其是MRI、核医学等新技术在乳腺肿瘤的早期诊断中具有较好的应用效果。该研究对乳腺肿瘤的影像学诊断进展进行综述。     

陪检方式在胸痛患者诊疗过程中效果评价

目的 探究陪检在胸痛患者诊疗过程中的应用效果。方法 选择2019年江苏某三甲医院急诊科收治的110例胸痛患者为研究对象,依据是患者就诊时是否有专人陪检分为实验组与对照组,进行病例对照研究。实验组由医务人员陪检,完成各项辅助检查,对照组患者依据临床医师的指示自行完成各项检查,患者病情严重程度采用TIMI评分进行评价。统计分析两组患者的医疗安全不良事件发生率、患者对医疗服务满意度差异,评价陪检方式的应用效果。结果 110例研究对象,其中男性53例,女性57例,年龄范围49~80岁,平均年龄（62±6.10）岁。实验组（陪检组）56例,对照组（无陪检组）54例。两组人群平均年龄t=-0.323,P=0.747,性别统计学检验x2=1.295,P=0.255。患者病情严重程度评价TIMI评分两组统计学检验t=1.513,P=0.134。实验组不良事件发生数量5例次（8.92%）明显低于对照组16例次（29.6%）,统计学检验x2=7.62,P=0.006（P<0.05）;患者满意实验组94.64%,对照组81.48%,两组统计学检验x2=4.57,P=0.033(P<0.05)。结论 陪检在胸痛患者诊疗过程中具有较好的应用效果,值得推广运用。     

社区老年人健康体适能和生活质量的现状调查及相关性分析

目的 调查了解社区老年人健康体适能和生活质量的现状,探讨健康体适能与生活质量的相关性。方法 2021年5～8月,采用随机整群抽样法在蚌埠市社区抽取771名70岁及以上老年人进行调查。采用指标测量法获取健康体适能相关数据,采用12条目简短生命质量量表(SF-12)对老年人进行生活质量调查。结果 男性的心肺适能、肌肉适能以及平衡能力优于女性,女性的柔韧适能优于男性(P<0.05);低年龄组和经常参加锻炼的老年人的健康体适能水平较高(P<0.05)。男性、低年龄组以及经常参加锻炼的老年人生活质量得分较高(P<0.05)。回归分析显示,肺活量是生理总评分(PCS)、心理总评分(MCS)和生活质量总分的重要影响因素(β=0.127,P=0.004;β=0.099,P=0.032;β=0.139,P=0.002)。结论 70岁及以上社区老年人的健康体适能水平较低;生活质量总体处于中等水平;肺活量是PCS、MCS和生活质量总分的重要影响因素。