人类基础代谢率测量方法的研究进展

基础代谢率对于制定人群每日能量所需，科学指导膳食具有重要意义。目前基础代谢率有3种测量方法， 包括直接测热法、间接测热法和公式估算法。直接测热法难度较大不易实现，仅仅运用于某些特殊人群中；而间接 测热法和公式推测法是目前使用较多的两种方法。间接测热法准确性高，适用于有基础代谢测量需要的个体或公式 推测法的数据收集。公式推测法简便易行，适合大样本人群。     

The efficacy of lapatinib and capecitabine in HER-2 positive breast cancer with brain metastases: A systematic review and pooled analysis

IntroductionBreast cancer (BC) with HER-2/neu overexpression or amplification (HER-2+) is associated with a higher prevalence of brain metastases (BMs) when compared to other subtypes. Among approved drugs for HER-2+ BC, lapatinib (L) is associated with single agent activity toward BMs. We conducted a systematic review to determine the efficacy of L, singly or in combination with capecitabine (C), as a treatment for HER-2+ BMs.Material and methodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and the European Union Clinical Trials Register for studies reporting data on L, singly or in combination with C, for the treatment of HER-2+ BC with BMs. Primary end-points were overall response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR); these were pooled to provide an aggregate value. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were secondary end-points. Data were pooled using number of events/number of evaluable patients, according to a fixed or random effect model.ResultsOverall, 12 studies were included in the present meta-analysis, for a total of 799 patients with BMs. The pooled overall response rate (ORR) was 21.4% (95% CI 11.7–35.9). After exclusion of patients that received L alone, ORR reached 29.2% (95% CI 18.5–42.7). The pooled median PFS and OS were 4.1 (95% CI 3.1–6.7) and 11.2 (95% CI 8.9–14.1) months, respectively.ConclusionsDue to its activity on BMs, the L + C combination may be considered for HER-2+ BC that has progressed in the brain, when local therapy has been performed or failed and re-irradiation is not feasible.     

Nickel titanium springs versus stainless steel springs: A randomized clinical trial of two methods of space closure

Objective: To compare the clinical performance of nickel titanium (NiTi) versus stainless steel (SS) springs during orthodontic space closure. Design: Two-centre parallel group randomized clinical trial. Setting: Orthodontic Department University of Manchester Dental Hospital and Orthodontic Department Countess of Chester Hospital, United Kingdom. Subjects and methods: Forty orthodontic patients requiring fixed appliance treatment were enrolled, each being randomly allocated into either NiTi (n?=?19) or SS groups (n?=?21). Study models were constructed at the start of the space closure phase (T₀) and following the completion of space closure (T₁). The rate of space closure achieved for each patient was calculated by taking an average measurement from the tip of the canine to the mesiobuccal groove on the first permanent molar of each quadrant. Results: The study was terminated early due to time constraints. Only 30 patients completed, 15 in each study group. There was no statistically significant difference between the amounts of space closed (mean difference 0.17?mm (95%CI ?0.99 to 1.34; P?=?0.76)). The mean rate of space closure for NiTi coil springs was 0.58?mm/4 weeks (SD 0.24) and 0.85?mm/4 weeks (SD 0.36) for the stainless steel springs. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P?=?0.024), in favour of the stainless steel springs, when the mean values per patient were compared. Conclusions: Our study shows that stainless steel springs are clinically effective; these springs produce as much space closure as their more expensive rivals, the NiTi springs.     

A new concept of the contraction–extension property of the left ventricular myocardium

ObjectivesUsing newly developed ultrasonic technology, we attempted to disclose the characteristics of the left ventricular (LV) contraction–extension (C–E) property, which has an important relationship to LV function.MethodsStrain rate (SR) distribution within the posterior wall and interventricular septum was microscopically measured with a high accuracy of 821 μm in spatial resolution by using the phase difference tracking method. The subjects were 10 healthy men (aged 30–50 years).ResultsThe time course of the SR distribution disclosed the characteristic C–E property, i.e. the contraction started from the apex and propagated toward the base on one hand, and from the epicardial side toward the endocardial side on the other hand. Therefore, the contraction of one area and the extension of another area simultaneously appeared through nearly the whole cardiac cycle, with the contracting part positively extending the latter part and vice versa. The time course of these propagations gave rise to the peristalsis and the bellows action of the LV wall, and both contributed to effective LV function.The LV contraction started coinciding in time with the P wave of the electrocardiogram, and the cardiac cycle was composed of 4 phases, including 2 types of transitional phase, as well as the ejection phase and slow filling phase. The sum of the measurement time duration of either the contraction or the extension process occupied nearly equal duration in normal conditions.ConclusionThe newly developed ultrasonic technology revealed that the SR distribution was important in evaluating the C–E property of the LV myocardium. The harmonious succession of the 4 cardiac phases newly identified seemed to be helpful in understanding the mechanism to keep long-lasting pump function of the LV.     

不同钾肥施用量对二年生射干生长、产量和品质的影响

目的 探究不同钾肥施用量对二年生射干生长、产量和品质的影响，为实现射干的高产优质栽培提供合理的施钾依据。方法 在施用氮肥、磷肥均为120 kg·hm^-2的基础上，设置0（K₀）、60（K₆₀）、120（K₁₂₀）、180（K₁₈₀）、240（K₂₄₀） kg·hm^-2共5个施钾处理，通过大田试验研究不同钾肥施用量处理对二年生射干农艺性状、药材产量、黄酮类成分含量和钾肥利用效率的影响。结果 施用钾肥可促进射干根系发育及分蘖苗产生，显著提高射干药材产量，与K₀处理相比增施钾肥射干增产16.0%~44.0%，其中K₁₈₀处理射干产量最高。不同钾肥施用量处理组均能促进射干根茎中的药效成分黄酮类物质的积累，其中K₁₂₀处理组芒果苷、射干苷、野鸢尾苷、鸢尾黄素、野鸢尾黄素、次野鸢尾黄素6种黄酮类成分的总积累量与K₀处理组比较增加33.2%；同时还能促进射干氮、钾、镁、铁、锌等元素的积累。随钾肥施用量增加，射干根茎钾积累量呈现先增加后减小趋势；偏生产力和根茎及叶片吸收率呈现逐渐降低的趋势；而钾肥的农学效率则在低钾至中高钾施用量时较高，达到高钾状态后明显下降。结合主成分分析对射干综合品质得分进行排名，由高到低的顺序为K₁₂₀>K₁₈₀>K₂₄₀>K₆₀>K₀。结论 综合考虑二年生射干产量、品质、钾肥利用效率等因素，在团风县射干种植生产中推荐钾肥施用量以120~166 kg·hm^-2为宜。     

The effect of war on personal aggression

The effect of war on the suicide rate and on the relative likelihood of suicide as a proportion of total personal aggression was examined in the United States for the time period from 1933 to 1986. Once unemployment was controlled for, no effect of war was detected.     

31P solid-state NMR based monitoring of permeation of cell penetrating peptides into skin

The main objective of the current study was to investigate penetration of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs: TAT, R₈, R₁₁, and YKA) through skin intercellular lipids using ³¹P magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR. In vitro skin permeation studies were performed on rat skin, and sections (0–60, 61–120, and 121–180 μm) were collected and analyzed for ³¹P NMR signal. The concentration-dependent shift of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/ml of TAT on skin layers, diffusion of TAT, R₈, R₁₁, and YKA in the skin and time dependent permeation of R₁₁ was measured on various skin sections using ³¹P solid-state NMR. Further, CPPs and CPP-tagged fluorescent dye encapsulate liposomes (FLip) in skin layers were tagged using confocal microscopy. The change in ³¹P NMR chemical shift was found to depend monotonically on the amount of CPP applied on skin, with saturation behavior above 100 mg/ml CPP concentration. R₁₁ and TAT caused more shift in solid-state NMR peaks compared to other peptides. Furthermore, NMR spectra showed R₁₁ penetration up to 180 μm within 30 min. The results of the solid-state NMR study were in agreement with confocal microscopy studies. Thus, ³¹P solid-state NMR can be used to track CPP penetration into different skin layers.     

腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术的疗效观察及安全性分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术的疗效观察及安全性。方法:以2017年1月~2018年12月期间108例卵巢囊肿的患者为研究对象,按照患者入院治疗的先后顺序,将其分为观察组与对照组各54例,对照组实施传统开腹手术,观察组实施腹腔镜卵巢囊肿剥除术,观察两组患者的临床指标及不良反应率。结果:观察组患者手术用时及肛门首次排气时间明显短于对照组,术中出血量明显少于对照组(P<0.05);观察组5.56%的不良反应率明显低于对照组20.37%的不良反应率(P<0.05)。结论:针对卵巢囊肿患者,行腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术能缩短手术用时及肛门首次排气时间,减少术中出血量,使得不良反应发生率得以减少,对患者预后有着积极的作用。