蛛网膜下腔注入小剂量吗啡术后镇痛与PCEA比较研究

目的 :探讨蛛网膜下腔小剂量吗啡术后镇痛的临床效果并与 PCEA相比较。方法 :将 ASA I～II级 6 0例妇科择期手术患者 ,随机分为两组 ,每组 30例。实验组采用腰麻 ,局麻药为 0 .75 %布比卡因 10～ 15 m g加入吗啡 0 .5 mg。对照组采用腰麻复合 PCEA,局麻药 0 .75 %布比卡因 10～ 15 mg,术后 PCEA。术后镇痛效果以视觉模拟评分 (VAS)、Ram say镇静评分、BCS舒适评分、成功率、不良反应并结合医疗费用比进行评价。结果 :VAS评分两组在 4、8、36 h时段无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;实验组在 12、2 4 h镇痛效果优于对照组 ,4 8、5 4 h对照组优于实验组。 BCS舒适评分、Ram say镇静评分两组间无显著性差异。结论 :蛛网膜下腔注入小剂量的吗啡用于术后镇痛的效果并不亚于 PCEA,如采用医疗费用与治疗效果比 ,更优于后者     

The influence of epidural administration of fentanyl infusion on gastric emptying in labour

The effect of epidural infusions containing fentanyl on maternal gastric emptying in labour was examined using the rate of paracetamol absorption. Women were randomly allocated to receive one of two epidural infusions, bupivacaine 0.125% alone or bupivacaine 0.0625% with fentanyl 2.5 μgml⁻¹ at a rate of 10–12 mlh⁻¹. Paracetamol 1.5 g was given orally to women after either 30 ml of the infusion solution had been given (mean time 2.5 h, study A) or 40–50 ml (mean time 4.5 h, study B). Six venous blood samples were taken over the next 90 min for measurement of plasma paracetamol concentration. There were no significant differences in maximum plasma paracetamol concentration, time to maximum paracetamol concentration and area under the concentration–time curve between the two groups for study A. In study B the time to maximum plasma paracetamol concentration was significantly delayed in women receiving > 100 μg fentanyl compared with controls (p < 0.05). We conclude that the dose of fentanyl that may delay gastric emptying when given by epidural infusion is greater than 100 μg.     

连续硬膜外麻醉时异丙酚辅助用药及血药浓度监测

目的：探讨异丙酚连续硬膜外麻醉时辅助用药的方法及其药代动力学特性。方法：30例下腹部或下肢手术病人随机分为两组，在连续硬膜外麻醉下分别以不同速度静滴异丙酚，同时高压液相法测定血药浓度。结果：以10→8→5mg／（kg·h）方法给药，患者意识消失明显快于5mg／（kg·h）恒速给药组（P＜0.05）。平均意识消失及苏醒血药浓度分别为（2．1±0．7）mg／L及（1．0±0．5）mg／L。结论：连续硬膜外麻醉时辅助用药以10→8→5mg／（kg·h）的给药方法为佳。为避免术中病人觉醒，最低给药速度不得低于5mg／（kg·h）。     

β-endorphin in the brain. A role in nociception

We have known the endogenous opioid peptide β-endorphin for 20 years. Surprisingly, our knowledge of the physiological role of this peptide and its receptors in modulation of pain perception is still fragmentary. Whereas most studies have tried to elucidate the physiological role of β-endorphin by reversing evoked responses by the opioid antagonist naloxone, this review focuses on quantification of release of β-endorphin in the brain as the approach to define physiological and pathophysiological roles of β-endorphin in relation to nociception. Using a lateral ventricle-cisterna magna perfusion model in the anesthetized rat, it was shown that depolarization of neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, where β-endorphin is produced, was followed by release of β-endorphin to the cerebrospinal fluid compartment. Intense activation of spinal nociceptive pathways by intrathecal capsaicin injections also led to β-endorphin release. It is concluded that there may still be good reason to quantify β-endorphin in human cerebrospinal fluid to elucidate the role of β-endorphin in pain perception.     

An epidural abscess due to resistant Staphylococcus aureus following epidural catheterisation

We report a case of abscess formation after epidural analgesia, a rare complication that developed in our patient 13 days after placement of a thoracic epidural catheter for patient controlled analgesia. Culture of the pus grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Although early diagnosis and rapid management have been reported to yield a satisfactory outcome, the case we describe ended in severe sequelae.     

Long QT interval syndrome with increased QT dispersion

This case report describes the anaesthetic management of a patient with sporadic-type long QT interval syndrome (LQTS), and increased QT dispersion, who presented for removal of an ovarian cyst. Beta adrenergic blockade and adequate depth of anaesthesia for successful management is emphasized. The Successful use of epidural administration of lignocaine and opioids in addition to general anaesthesia is described.     

The safety of patient-controlled sedation

We have investigated the safety of a previously described method of patient-controlled sedation in 100 healthy patients presenting for elective surgery. The device used 0.33-ml boluses of propofol (10 mg.ml⁻¹) infused over 6 s with no lockout. All patients attempted to put themselves to sleep by pressing a button on the hand-held device. The oxygen saturation, heart rate, sedation score and airway patency were noted every minute. When the patient stopped pressing the button, the anaesthetist took over the handset and continued pressing the button until the patient became unresponsive. The system allowed rapid sedation. Only five patients were still anxious after 2 min. After 3 min, no patient was still anxious and more than 70 patients had slurred speech. When they stopped pressing the button, 11 patients were judged oversedated, of whom two were unresponsive. One patient's oxygen saturation decreased transiently to 84%: no other patient's oxygen saturation decreased below 90%. There were no other significant changes. We conclude that the system studied works well but carries too high a risk of oversedation for unsupervised use.     

Decreased incidence of headache after accidental dural puncture in caesarean delivery patients receiving continuous postoperative intrathecal analgesia

To examine the effects of prolonged (> 24 h) intrathecal catheterization with the use of postoperative analgesia on the incidence of post–dural puncture headache (PDPH), charts of 45 obstetric patients who had accidental dural puncture following attempts at epidural block were reviewed retrospectively. Three groups were identified: Group I (n = 15) patients had a dural puncture on the first attempt at epidural block, but successful epidural block on a repeated attempt; Group II (n=17) patients had a dural puncture with immediate conversion to continuous spinal anaesthesia with catheterization lasting only for the duration of caesarean delivery; Group III (n= 13) patients had an immediate conversion to spinal anaesthesia and received post–caesarean section continuous intrathecal patient–controlled analgesia consisting of fentanyl 5 (ig'ml^-1 with bupivacaine 0.25 mg·ml^-1 and epinephrine 2 μg·ml^-1 with catheterization lasting >24 h. No parturient in group III developed a PDPH. This was substantially lower ( P < 0.009) than the 33% incidence for group I and the 47% incidence for group II. The incidence of a PDPH did not differ between group I and II. Similarly, there was no difference between group I and II with regard to requests for a blood patch. Patients receiving continuous intrathecal analgesia had excellent pain relief, could easily ambulate and none complained of pruritus, nausea, vomiting, sensory loss or weakness. In conclusion, indwelling spinal catheterization > 24 h with continuous intrathecal analgesia following accidental dural puncture in parturients may for some patients be a suitable method for providing PDPH prophylaxis and postoperative analgesia.     

硬膜外腔阻滞对胸部手术应激反应的影响

目的 观察硬膜外腔阻滞对胸部手术应激激素和细胞因子的影响。方法20例食管癌手术病人,随机分为两组,每组10例,即全麻复令硬膜外腔阻滞(GEA)组和全麻(GA)组,分别测定麻醉诱导前、手术2h、手术4h、术毕、术后1d及术后3d的血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、血清促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇、C-反应蛋白、IL-6及IL-10的水平。结果 血浆去甲肾上腺素和血清皮质醇GEA组术中术后无显著改变,但GA组术毕和术后1d显著升高(P<0.05),术后3d恢复至术前水平,组间比较前者有显著差异(P<0.05)。两组血浆肾上腺素、IL-10术中术后均无显著变化。两组血清ACTH、IL-6及CRP术中术后均显著升高(P<0.05),组间比较无显著差异。结论 硬膜外腔阻滞可以减轻胸部手术的应激反应。IL-6是较CRP更灵敏的反映组织损伤的炎性指标。     

碳酸利多卡因硬膜外麻醉用于乳腺癌根治术的评价

40例乳腺癌根治术患者，美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ级，随机分为2且，第1组硬膜外阻滞＋臂丛神经阻滞，应用1．33％盐酸利多卡因＋0．15％盐酸地卡因＋1：20万肾上腺素，硬膜外阻滞首量12ml，臂丛神经阻滞20ml;第2组硬膜外阻滞，应用1．73％碳酸利多卡因＋1：20万肾上腺素，首量15ml。两组硬膜外阻滞选为T4－5间隙穿刺。首量给完后测定麻醉药效，并监测患者心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血氧饱和度（SpO2)，在麻醉前、后30、60、120min抽取动脉血作血气分析。结果显示：第2组麻醉的起效时间、阻滞完善时间要比第1组短（P＜0．01）。感觉神经阻滞分段数要比第1组多（P＜0．01）；两组病人的HR和MAP，麻醉手术中改变不明显。麻醉后面罩给氧。两组病人的SpO2、PaO2增加，PaCO2有所下降，两组比较无统计学意义，但组内前后对照有显著差异（P＜0．05）。结果提示碳酸利多卡因硬膜外麻醉下施行乳腺癌根治术具有良好的麻醉效果和更高的安全性。