肠道寄生虫不同防治对策卫生经济学价值研究

〔目的〕寻求符合社会现有的可利用资源和适合现实社会经济状况的最佳信息 ;探索出低投入、高收益效果的肠道寄生虫防治对策。〔方法〕在豫南黄淮平原地区遂平县 ,选择三个行政村各以 80 0人口范围为现场观察点 ,分别采用周期性全民化疗 ,虫卵阳性者选择化疗 ,健康教育加卫生目标责任制奖罚的防治对策 ,分别监测逐年感染率并核出各年度投入的人力、物力价值 ,采用费用—效果分析法 (CEA)评估卫生经济学价值。〔结果〕不同防治对策的效果及卫生经济学价值具有显著性差异。〔结论〕在当前现有条件下 ,充分发挥和利用农村乡村医生医疗保健网作用 ,实施健康教育下的卫生目标责任制奖罚措施 ,是防治肠道寄生虫的低价值投入 ,高价值收益的最佳对策。     

我国唐氏综合征疾病负担定性分析

目的:通过定性研究方法,客观、全面地评价唐氏综合征患者和家庭的疾病负担,为相关政策制定提供依据。方法:采用卫生服务入户调查的方法,通过半结构化访谈收集定性资料,运用扎根理论进行分析。结果:唐氏综合征给患者和家庭带来了沉重的疾病负担,使家庭陷入心理和经济的双重困境。结论:建议建立健全社会支持网络,营造关爱、支持和帮助智残人群的良好社会氛围。     

农村艾滋病高发地区社会疾病经济负担分析

目的 了解艾滋病高发省区农村的艾滋病社会疾病经济负担情况，为农村地区艾滋病防治提供基础数据资料。方法 通过现场调查、死亡登记等资料，测算艾滋病社会直接经济负担、计算伤残（失能）调整生命年（DALYs）以反映艾滋病社会疾病负担和计算艾滋病社会间接经济负担，进而计算艾滋病社会经济负担。结果 被调查省区当年DALYs合计43602．69健康人年，平均每例DALYs20．72健康人年，总DALYs达518745．92健康人年；当年社会间接经济负担为41291．75万元／年。艾滋病总的社会间接经济负担为596248．85万元。该省区当年艾滋病社会疾病经济负担合计71236．92万元／年，艾滋病社会疾病经济负担总计641166．61万元。结论 艾滋病的例均疾病社会经济负担较重；其社会疾病经济负担对宏观经济尚不造成较大影响，但对高发的县、乡、村影响较大；艾滋病疾病负担构成以间接经济负担为主。     

2003年广东省居民呼吸系统疾病死亡的疾病负担研究

目的:研究2003年广东省居民因呼吸系统疾病死亡的疾病负担.方法:利用2003年广东省国家疾病监测点资料,采用死亡损失健康生命年(YLLs)指标对广东省居民呼吸系统疾病死亡的疾病负担进行研究.结果:2003年广东省居民中因呼吸系统疾病死亡引起的死亡损失健康生命年主要由1岁以下儿童和65岁以上成人承担,因呼吸系统疾病死亡引起的疾病负担男性略高于女性.结论:1岁以下儿童和65岁以上居民是广东省预防呼吸系统疾病死亡的高危人群.     

Perceptions of commercial snack food and beverages for infant and young child feeding: A mixed‐methods study among caregivers in Kathmandu Valley,Nepal

Ensuring nutritious complementary feeding is vital for child nutrition. Prior research in Kathmandu Valley found high consumption rates of commercially produced snack foods among young children, which are often energy‐dense/nutrient poor. This mixed‐methods study was conducted to elicit Nepali caregivers' perceptions of commercial snack foods and beverages and factors influencing their use for young child feeding. Seven facilitated focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted with Kathmandu Valley caregivers of children 12–23 months, and a survey of 745 primary caregivers of children 12–23 months of age was then conducted. During the FGD, caregivers reported commonly providing commercial food and beverage products to their children as snacks, and 98.6% of caregivers participating in the survey reported feeding their child such a food in the previous week. Because of processing and packaging, snack foods were not trusted by many FGD participants and considered as “junk foods” and not healthy for children. However, commercial snack foods were consistently ranked highly on convenience, both because of minimal preparation and ease of feeding; 48.5% of all surveyed caregivers reported providing a snack food because of convenience. Other family members' diets or provision of snack foods as treats also influenced children's consumption of these snack foods and beverages. This study indicates that caregivers of young children prefer snack options that are nutrient rich; however, this may conflict with preferences for foods that require minimal preparation and are appealing to young children. Such findings carry programmatic implications for interventions aiming to address children's diet quality in urban Nepal.     

Inequalities in enrollment of women and racial minorities in trials testing uric acid lowering drugs

AimsWe investigated sex and racial inequalities in clinical trials testing serum uric acid (SUA) lowering drugs and analyzed the temporal trends of participation among the pre-specified demographic groups.Data were collected from publications of clinical trials testing SUA-lowering drugs. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relation between drug approval year and proportion of women and minorities enrolled in clinical studies.Data synthesisThe mean percentage enrollment of women in clinical trials significantly decreased over the time (r = −0.43, P-value = 0.02). Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference in mean percentage enrollment of women among trials testing different SUA-lowering drugs, with the highest representation in rasburicase (71.1%) and the lowest representation of women in dotinurad (0.8%). Over the time, also the mean percentage enrollment of racial minorities decreased, passing from 8.7% to 2.2% in a 10-year period.Women were proportionally underrepresented compared with their share of the population with asymptomatic hyperuricemia, overall (participation-to-prevalence ratio (PPR) = 0.34), in trials testing xanthine oxiase inhibitors (PPR = 0.38) and uricosurics (PPR = 0.29), and in trials with febuxostat, allopurinol, pegloticase, halofenate/arhalofenate, verinurad, lesinurad and dotinurad. Women were proportionally underreppresented also compared with their share of the population with gout, overall (PPR = 0.69) and in trials testing XOIs (PPR = 0.69), uricosurics (PPR = 0.68), and all SUA-lowering drugs excepted for rasburicase, pegloticase and topiroxostat.ConclusionsOur analysis shows that women and racial and ethnical minorities are underrepresented in controlled clinical trials testing SUA-lowering drugs, with similar pattern across drug classes.     

血液透析与腹膜透析在病人生命质量与费用方面的对比研究

随着终末期肾病病人的增加,血液透析和腹膜透析病人也越来越多,因此从透析病人生命质量及经济负担方面进行了比较总结,为病人合理选择治疗方法提供依据.     

Co‐operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis

Interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and environmental, dietary and pathogen antigens play a key role in immune homeostasis and regulation of inflammation. Dietary polyphenols such as proanthocyanidins (PAC) may reduce inflammation, and we therefore hypothesized that PAC may suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ‐induced responses in human DCs and subsequent T helper type 1 (Th1) ‐type responses in naive T cells. Moreover, we proposed that, because DCs are likely to be exposed to multiple stimuli, the activity of PAC may synergise with other bioactive molecules that have anti‐inflammatory activity, e.g. soluble products from the helminth parasite Trichuris suis (TsSP). We show that PAC are endocytosed by monocyte‐derived DCs and selectively induce CD86 expression. Subsequently, PAC suppress the LPS‐induced secretion of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐12p70, while enhancing secretion of IL‐10. Incubation of DCs with PAC did not affect lymphocyte proliferation; however, subsequent interferon‐γ production was markedly suppressed, while IL‐4 production was unaffected. The activity of PAC was confined to oligomers (degree of polymerization ≥ 4). Co‐pulsing DCs with TsSP and PAC synergistically reduced secretion of tumour necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐12p70 while increasing IL‐10 secretion. Moreover, both TsSP and PAC alone induced Th2‐associated OX40L expression in DCs, and together synergized to up‐regulate OX40L. These data suggest that PAC induce an anti‐inflammatory phenotype in human DCs that selectively down‐regulates Th1 response in naive T cells, and that they also act cooperatively with TsSP. Our results indicate a novel interaction between dietary compounds and parasite products to influence immune function, and may suggest that combinations of PAC and TsSP can have therapeutic potential for inflammatory disorders.     

Cognitive stimulation by caregivers for people with dementia

Cognitive stimulation (CS) is a psychological intervention for people with dementia aimed at maintaining cognitive functioning. CS provided by caregivers would allow long-term maintenance without greatly increasing demands on health services, but raises questions concerning treatment fidelity and acceptability, which were investigated in this study. Caregivers of home-living people with dementia were trained to provide CS activities to their relative with dementia. Recordings of intervention sessions and analysis of training manuals suggested adequate delivery of the intervention. Dyads continued with the activities after caregiver training had stopped. In addition, presentation of the activities without supervision from a health care professional had no detrimental effect on well-being in the caregiver or the person with dementia. The majority of caregivers indicated that, even though they experienced some burden from doing the activities with their relative, they themselves had also benefited from the intervention and intended to continue with some of the activities.