精神障碍患者主要照顾者的负担及社会支持的研究

目的本研究旨在调查精神障碍患者的主要照顾者负担水平及社会支持情况。方法采用问卷调查法,用测量工具包对研究对象进行调查,包括一般资料调查问卷、Zarit照顾者负担量表（中文版）、社会支持评定量表。对某三级甲等医院及某三个社区的100名脑卒中患者主要照顾着进行问卷调查,通过方便取样收集资料,并使用SPSS13．0软件包进行统计分析。结果①精神障碍患者的主要照顾者的负担水平处于轻度。精神障碍患者主要照顾者的负担总分为32．86±10．26分,属轻度水平。个人负担得分20．69±7．7分;角色负担得分10．2±4．63分。②脑卒中患者的主要照顾者的社会支持处于中等水平。结论①精神障碍患者的主要照顾着的负担水平处于轻度。②脑卒中患者的主要照顾者的社会支持处于中等水平。     

Unnecessary Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Hips: An Economic Burden to Patients and the Healthcare System

Patients referred to orthopedists for hip pain due to arthritis may already have MRI studies ordered by their referring physicians despite plain radiographs being sufficient in most cases. Hence, we prospectively evaluated every patient referred to our institution during a 36-month period to identify the number of new patients with hip osteoarthritis who had an unnecessary MRI, the additional costs of these MRIs, and the extrapolated cost to the United States healthcare system during the next 10 years. Overall, 15.4% of the patients presented with unnecessary MRIs, approximately, 330 to 440.5 million dollars may be spent on unnecessary hip MRIs in this patient population in America. We believe that referring physicians should not simultaneously order a radiograph and an MRI to evaluate hip pain.     

Neurologic disorders,in-hospital deaths,and years of potential life lost in the USA, 1988–2011

Premature mortality is a public health concern that can be quantified as years of potential life lost (YPLL). Studying premature mortality can help guide hospital initiatives and resource allocation. We investigated the categories of neurologic and neurosurgical conditions associated with in-hospital deaths that account for the highest YPLL and their trends over time. Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), we calculated YPLL for patients hospitalized in the USA from 1988 to 2011. Hospitalizations were categorized by related neurologic principal diagnoses. An estimated 2,355,673 in-hospital deaths accounted for an estimated 25,598,566 YPLL. The traumatic brain injury (TBI) category accounted for the highest annual mean YPLL at 361,748 (33.9% of total neurologic YPLL). Intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and anoxic brain damage completed the group of five diagnoses with the highest YPLL. TBI accounted for 12.1% of all inflation adjusted neurologic hospital charges and 22.4% of inflation adjusted charges among neurologic deaths. The in-hospital mortality rate has been stable or decreasing for all of these diagnoses except TBI, which rose from 5.1% in 1988 to 7.8% in 2011. Using YPLL, we provide a framework to compare the burden of premature in-hospital mortality on patients with neurologic disorders, which may prove useful for informing decisions related to allocation of health resources or research funding. Considering premature mortality alone, increased efforts should be focused on TBI, particularly in and related to the hospital setting.     

Being devastated by critical illness journey in the family: A grounded theory approach of post-intensive care syndrome-family

ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the meaning and structure of postintensive care syndrome experienced by families of critically ill patients.MethodsThis qualitative study applied the constructivist grounded theory approach and conducted one or two interviews with eight participants with postintensive care syndrome-family for a total of 12 interviews. The contents of the interviews were analysed through line-by-line coding, focused coding, and categorisation. Data collection and analysis were iterative, to enable continuous comparative analysis.FindingsThe core category of postintensive care syndrome experienced by families was ‘being devastated by the critical illness journey in the family’ and comprised the interactions of four categories: ‘overwhelming intensive care experience’, ‘taking responsibility for the recovery trajectory of critical illness’, ‘life devastated by the trauma of intensive care and family caregiving’, and ‘balancing and compromising’.ConclusionBased on this grounded theory approach, postintensive care syndrome experienced by families is a complex and ongoing phenomenon that arises from the recovery trajectory of a critical illness. It involves mental, physical, social and familial aspects, particularly the impact on the patient’s family.Implications for Clinical PracticeThe findings can guide critical care nurses to understand postintensive care syndrome experienced by families in providing patient or family-centred care. To improve the long-term outcomes and quality of life for families, it is necessary to assess their unique needs within the continuum of post-intensive care syndrome experienced by the family and to propose interventions to satisfy those needs.     

恶性血液病患者家庭照顾者负担的调查分析简

目的：探讨恶性血液病患者家庭照顾者负担体验的存在现状及影响因素,为制定针对性的有效干预提供依据。方法采用一般资料调查问卷和疾病家庭负担量表（ FBS ）对132名恶性血液病患者家庭照顾者进行问卷调查。结果恶性血液病患者照顾者认为存在不同程度的家庭负担;FBS各维度负担的阳性回答率由高到低依次为：经济负担（占71．97％）,家庭成员心理健康的影响（占68．94％）,家庭关系的影响（占68．18％）,日常生活的影响（占66．67％）,家庭休闲娱乐的影响（占64．40％）,家庭成员身体健康的影响（占45．46％）。结论恶性血液病患者家庭照顾者存在严重的身心负担体验,护理人员应了解恶性血液病患者照顾者的负担及影响因素,提供有针对性的护理措施,减轻其负担。     

医疗纠纷医院举证责任分配的探讨

通过阐述医疗纠纷医院方举证责任的分配制度及不同法律法规适用的冲突,来挖掘我国法学理论对于举证责任的认知,以及在医疗纠纷中的一些具体应用。在医疗纠纷中医院方的举证责任既是我国医疗纠纷案件审理过程中的重点,也是我国将来医疗体制改革的重要参照和方向,只有正确处理了医疗纠纷中的医院方与患者的举证责任分配问题才能有效减轻医疗纠纷在我国社会矛盾中的突出影响,促进和谐社会的健康发展。     

Characteristics and Inpatient Outcomes of Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Autoimmune Hepatitis Overlap Syndrome

Background and AimsPrimary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are hepatobiliary diseases of presumed immune-mediated origin that have been shown to overlap. The aim of this retrospective trial was to use national data to examine the characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized with overlapping PBC and AIH (PBC/AIH).MethodsThe National Inpatient Sample was used to identify hospitalized adult patients with PBC, AIH, and PBC/AIH from 2010 to 2014 by International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Edition Revision codes; patients with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection were excluded. Primary outcomes measures were in-hospital outcomes that included mortality, respiratory failure, septic shock, length of stay, and total hospital charges. Secondary outcomes were the clinical characteristics of PBC/AIH, including the comorbid extrahepatic autoimmune disease pattern and complications of cirrhosis.ResultsA total of 3,478 patients with PBC/AIH were included in the study. PBC/AIH was associated with higher rates of Sjögren’s syndrome (p<0.001; p<0.001), lower rates of Crohn’s disease (p<0.05; p<0.05), and higher rates of cirrhosis-related complications when compared to PBC or AIH alone. There were similar rates of mortality between the PBC/AIH, PBC, and AIH groups. The PBC/AIH group had higher rates of septic shock when compared to the PBC group (p<0.05) and AIH group (p<0.05) after adjusting for possible confounders.ConclusionsPBC/AIH is associated with a lower rate of Crohn’s disease, a higher rate of Sjögren’s syndrome, higher rates of cirrhosis-related complications, and significantly increased risk of septic shock compared to PBC and AIH individually.     

An economic evaluation of diabetes mellitus in India: A systematic review

BackgroundApproximately 88 million people throughout Southeast Asia have diabetes, of which 77 million reside in India. India had an annual estimated diabetes treatment cost of Rs.10,000 to 12,000 crore in 2003, which is likely to rise to as high as Rs. 1,26,000 crores by 2025.AimTo assess the annual mean expenditure for an individual with diabetes mellitus.MethodsWe used search terms and Boolean operators to identify studies on the economic burden of diabetes mellitus patients in India between 2015 and 2020. Thereafter, we used the checklists of STROBE, as well as the PRISMA, Drummonds and down, and Black criteria, to assess the quality of included studies. Then, Meta xl was used to calculate the weighted means and weighted proportion based on the quality assessment findings.ResultsMean expenditure with a maximum weightage of 100% was found in a community-based study, whereas the lowest weightage obtained was 20%. The mean expenditure on diabetes and its complications was calculated as INR 15,535/-(USD 209.3) per year, with a pooled mean of INR 17, 080(USD 230.1)per year. On average, the OPD charges were 3%–5% of the total annual income of the individual. However, when there were complications and hospitalization, the average expenditure was higher (21%) which averages to around 11,000 INR.ConclusionsWhile patients spent 3% of their annual income on only OPD charges on average, complications substantially increased the total cost by more than 10%, which amounts to catastrophic health expenditure.