个体化综合干预对肺部肿瘤患者陪护者的心理负担影响分析

目的:探究个体化综合干预对肺部肿瘤患者陪护者心理负担的影响。方法:将前来某院陪护就医的肺部肿瘤患者家属74例为对象开展研究,随机将陪护者分为研究组与对照组各37例,研究组采取个体化综合干预,对照组采取常规入院宣教,观察干预效果。结果:研究组各项ZBI评分均明显低于护理前,且低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组自我效能高例数明显高于对照组(40.54%>13.51%),自我效能较低例数低于对照组(5.41%<35.14%),比较存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:应用个体化综合干预可减轻陪护者负担,提升陪护者自我效能,缓解其心理压力。     

癌症患者家庭照顾者负担量表的研究进展

为探讨癌症患者家庭照顾者负担测评工具的研究现状,本文阐述并分析了2000年以来在癌症患者家庭照顾者负担测量方面应用较为广泛的几种照顾者负担测量工具:照顾者负担量表(ZBI),照顾者压力指标量表(CSI),照顾者反应评估量表(CRA),照顾者负担问卷(CBI)。并在此基础上提出应采用质性研究与量性研究相结合的方法,发展适合我国文化的癌症患者照顾者负担量表。     

Hypoglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes

The primary cause of hypoglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes is diabetes medication—in particular, those which raise insulin levels independently of blood glucose, such as sulphonylureas (SUs) and exogenous insulin. The risk of hypoglycaemia is increased in older patients, those with longer diabetes duration, lesser insulin reserve and perhaps in the drive for strict glycaemic control. Differing definitions, data collection methods, drug type/regimen and patient populations make comparing rates of hypoglycaemia difficult. It is clear that patients taking insulin have the highest rates of self‐reported severe hypoglycaemia (25% in patients who have been taking insulin for > 5 years). SUs are associated with significantly lower rates of severe hypoglycaemia. However, large numbers of patients take SUs in the UK, and it is estimated that each year > 5000 patients will experience a severe event caused by their SU therapy which will require emergency intervention. Hypoglycaemia has substantial clinical impact, in terms of mortality, morbidity and quality of life. The cost implications of severe episodes—both direct hospital costs and indirect costs—are considerable: it is estimated that each hospital admission for severe hypoglycaemia costs around £1000. Hypoglycaemia and fear of hypoglycaemia limit the ability of current diabetes medications to achieve and maintain optimal levels of glycaemic control. Newer therapies, which focus on the incretin axis, may carry a lower risk of hypoglycaemia. Their use, and more prudent use of older therapies with low risk of hypoglycaemia, may help patients achieve improved glucose control for longer, and reduce the risk of diabetic complications.     

非ST段-抬高急性冠脉综合征与稳定型心绞痛的血管内超声斑块虚拟成像特点比较

目的 比较非ST段-抬高急性冠脉综合征（non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome,NSTE-ACS）与稳定型心绞痛（stable angina,SA）患者冠状动脉病变斑块的血管内超声虚拟组织成像（virtual histology intravascular ultrasound,VH-IVUS）特点.方法 入选81例确诊冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）患者行冠状动脉造影及VH-IVUS检查,根据临床表现、心电图及心肌坏死标志物水平分为NSTE-ACS组（47例,70处病变）和SA组（34例,46处病变）.对所有病变进行IVUS影像定量分析,测量指标包括最小管腔直径、最小管腔面积、坏死核心、纤维脂质成分、纤维成分、钙化部分、外弹力膜、斑块负荷及薄纤维帽粥样斑块发生率.结果 NSTE-ACS组斑块病变成分中坏死核心[（1.98±1.07） mm2vs.（1.18±0.81）mm2,t=4.312,P=0.000]、斑块负荷（73.35％±7.73％vs.68.00％±10.28％,t=3.193,P=0.002）及薄纤维帽粥样斑块发生率[45.7％（32/70）vs.19.6％（9/46）,x2=8.306,P=0.005]与SA组比较显著增加,差异有统计学意义,其余指标比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 NSTE-ACS患者斑块成分与SA患者差异明显,坏死核心、斑块负荷明显增加,薄纤维帽粥样斑块发生率明显升高.