独活寄生汤加减治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效分析

目的：对独活寄生汤加减治疗腰椎间盘突出症进行临床疗效分析.方法：将所选病例随机分成治疗组和对照组,对照组采用牵引加针刺治疗,治疗组在牵引加针刺治疗的基础上结合独活寄生汤加减治疗,观察比较两组的临床疗效.结果：两组比较,治疗组的治愈率和总有效率均显著高于对照组.结论：独活寄生汤加减治疗腰椎间盘突出症,有效提高了临床效果,值得在临床广泛推广.     

Is there a connection between paediatric acute idiopathic scrotal oedema and intestinal worm infestation?

Aim: Based on our experience with acute idiopathic scrotal oedema (AISO) and observations of the incidence of intestinal worm infestation (IWI), we decided to test the hypothesis that IWI occurs more frequently among children with AISO than it does in the general population. Methods: A retrospective questionnaire‐based study was conducted comparing the frequency of IWI between children who had AISO and a matched control group who had inguinal hernia surgery in our Pediatric Surgery Department during 2003–2009. This second group was chosen to represent the incidence of IWI in the paediatric community in our region. Records of all patients admitted to the Department of Pediatric Surgery for AISO during 2003–2009 were reviewed. Results: Seventeen out of thirty‐eight (44.7%) AISO patients had a history of IWI compared with 5/38 (13.1%) in the control group (P= 0.0047). Conclusions: Our data clearly show that AISO in children is frequently associated with a history of IWI. Although well‐documented, prospective studies are needed to establish these findings, we feel that this report provides a reasonable clue to a possible aetiology of AISO.     

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Bakery Workers in Khorramabad,Lorestan Iran

Background

Food contamination may occur through production, processing, distribution and preparation. In Iran especially in Khorramabad, 33° 29'' 16" North, 48° 21'' 21" East, due to kind of nutrition, culture and economic status of people, bread is a part of the main meal and the consumption of bread is high. In this study, the bakery workers were studied for determining of intestinal parasites prevalence.

Methods

The study was carried out during September to November 2010 in Khorramabad. All the 278 bakeries and the bakery workers including 816 people were studied in a census method and their feces were examined for the presence of parasites by direct wet-mount, Lugol''s iodine solution, and formaldehyde-ether sedimentation, trichrome staining, and single round PCR (For discrimination of Entamoeba spp).

Results

Ninety-six (11.9%) stool specimens were positive for different intestinal parasites. Intestinal parasites included Giardia lamblia 3.7%, Entamoeba coli 5.5%, Blastocystis sp. 2.1%, Entamoeba dispar 0.4%, Hymenolepis nana 0.1%, and Blastocystis sp. 0.1%.

Conclusion

In order to reduce the contamination in these persons, some cases such as stool exam every three months with concentration methods, supervision and application of accurate health rules by health experts, training in transmission of parasites are recommended.     

Severe imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria, France, 1996-2003

Little is known about severe imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria in industrialized countries where the disease is not endemic because most studies have been case reports or have included <200 patients. To identify factors independently associated with the severity of P. falciparum, we conducted a retrospective study using surveillance data obtained from 21,888 P. falciparum patients in France during 1996-2003; 832 were classified as having severe malaria. The global case-fatality rate was 0.4% and the rate of severe malaria was ≈3.8%. Factors independently associated with severe imported P. falciparum malaria were older age, European origin, travel to eastern Africa, absence of chemoprophylaxis, initial visit to a general practitioner, time to diagnosis of 4 to 12 days, and diagnosis during the fall-winter season. Pretravel advice should take into account these factors and promote the use of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis for every traveler, with a particular focus on nonimmune travelers and elderly persons.     

Prevalence of intestinal parasites and bacteria among food handlers in a tertiary care hospital

Objectives:

The aim of this work is to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and bacteria among the food handlers.

Materials and Methods:

Two hundred food-handlers were subjected to a cross-sectional study working in the kitchen of a tertiary care hospital, i.e., Alnoor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia from February 2 to 27, 2009. The stool samples were examined for intestinal parasites following direct microscopic examination, formol ether concentration (Ritchie), and staining with modified acid fast staining techniques. For enteropathogenic bacteria samples were inoculated onto MacConkey''s agar, deoxycholate citrate agar, xylose lysine deoxycholate agar as per the World Health Organization protocol. Fingernail materials were examined microscopically for enteropathogenic bacteria and parasites.

Results:

The majority (80%) of the food-handlers were young adults aged from 22 to 42 years. No intestinal parasites were detected from fingernail contents. Forty six (23%) stool specimens were positive for intestinal para¬sites. Giardia lamblia 18 (9%) was most frequent among the 10 different types of detected intestinal parasites followed by Entamoeba histolytica 9 (4.5%). No pathogenic bacteria were detected in all stool samples, whereas finger nails showed isolation of microorganisms as coagulase-negative staphylococci 79 (39.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus 35 (17.5%).

Conclusion:

The findings emphasized the importance of food handlers as potential sources of infections and suggested health institutions for appropriate hygienic and sanitary control measures.     

中国寄生虫种质资源平台在形态学教学中的应用

形态学教学为人体寄生虫学教学的重要基础?目前,医学院校形态学教学中存在标本短缺?形态不典型,青年教师寄生虫虫种虫期形态上鉴别能力不足等问题?寄生虫教学资源平台建设由于寄生虫病的流行特点而存在不足,缺乏科学规范的整合标准和现代信息与网络技术支撑,不能形成具有综合集成?优化配置?最大限度发挥资源的效益?中国寄生虫种质资源平台的建立可以实现共享的信息量大?规范的教学资源,为寄生虫学形态学教学?青年教师培养?开放性学习提供了基础?     

小鼠BPI N端功能片段(muBPI_(25)蛋白)体外杀菌和中和内毒素作用研究

目的:建立胞内杀菌和体外中和内毒素实验模型,检测muBPI25目的蛋白对胞内寄生菌的抑杀作用和对内毒素的中和作用。方法:将pcDNA3.1(+)-muBPI36-259质粒导入RAW264.7细胞,用胞内寄生G+/G-菌感染上述细胞建立muBPI25目的蛋白胞内杀菌实验模型;将pSecTag2B-muBPI36-259与双荧光素酶报告基因质粒共转染RAW264.7细胞,建立体外检测muBPI25蛋白中和内毒素实验模型。结果:胞内杀菌实验模型证实muBPI25目的蛋白对G-伤寒杆菌具有抑杀作用;中和内毒素实验模型证实muBPI25目的蛋白对内毒素具有中和作用。结论:首次证实小鼠BPI N端功能片段,即muBPI25目的蛋白对G-菌具有抑杀作用,对其裂解产物内毒素具有中和作用。     

Drug efficacy of praziquantel and albendazole in school children in Mwea Division, Central Province, Kenya

The objective of this research was to assess drug efficacy in school children after mass chemotherapy with praziquantel and albendazole conducted in Mwea Division, Kirinyaga District, Central Kenya in 2004. In total 2300 children aged between 4 and 18 years in five primary schools were selected for the study. Before mass chemotherapy, prevalence of infection was 47.4% for Schistosoma mansoni, 16.7% for Necator americanus, 1.6% for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 0.8% for Trichuris trichiura. Post-treatment stool examination was carried out 8 weeks later, and a total of 1942 stool samples were collected. Prevalence decreased to 8.6% for S. mansoni, 0.2% for N. americunus, 0 for A. lumbricoides, and 0.6% for T. trichiura. Efficacy was good for S. mansoni and N. americanus (92.6% and 95.0%, respectively). Results of the first round of treatment of school-age children in Mwea indicate a good reduction in parasite burden.     

XS-1000i血液分析仪异常嗜酸性粒细胞散点图对疟原虫感染的提示作用

目的利用血液分析仪提示的嗜酸性粒细胞（eosinophil，EO）增高及异常散点图信息，结合显微镜镜检检出疟原虫。方法用XS-1000i血液分析仪进行血常规检测，对仪器报警提示嗜酸粒性细胞比值增高（EO＋）的标本用显微镜进行涂片检查，当发现E0无异常时，则镜检红细胞，查找疟原虫。结果在289例仪器报警提示EO＋增高的标本中，显微镜镜检发现有3例EO结果正常与仪器报警不符，这3例标本均在红细胞中检出疟原虫的滋养体、裂殖体或配殖体。结论在用Sysmex XS—1000i血液分析仪进行血常规检测时，若仪器提示“EO＋”而未得到显微镜镜检证实，则高度提示有疟原虫存在的可能性。     

Host adaptation to viruses relies on few genes with different cross-resistance properties

Host adaptation to one parasite may affect its response to others. However, the genetics of these direct and correlated responses remains poorly studied. The overlap between these responses is instrumental for the understanding of host evolution in multiparasite environments. We determined the genetic and phenotypic changes underlying adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster to Drosophila C virus (DCV). Within 20 generations, flies selected with DCV showed increased survival after DCV infection, but also after cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) and flock house virus (FHV) infection. Whole-genome sequencing identified two regions of significant differentiation among treatments, from which candidate genes were functionally tested with RNAi. Three genes were validated—pastrel, a known DCV-response gene, and two other loci, Ubc-E2H and CG8492. Knockdown of Ubc-E2H and pastrel also led to increased sensitivity to CrPV, whereas knockdown of CG8492 increased susceptibility to FHV infection. Therefore, Drosophila adaptation to DCV relies on few major genes, each with different cross-resistance properties, conferring host resistance to several parasites.Parasites impose a strong fitness cost on their hosts as they develop and reproduce at the expenses of host resources. Therefore, it is expected that host strategies will be selected to cope with parasite burden. There is an ample variety of such strategies, from behavioral to intracellular responses (1). Because the range of possibilities is very broad, it is difficult to predict which strategy, if any, will evolve in host populations upon parasite attack. Moreover, in natural populations, hosts are exposed simultaneously to several parasite species and many other selection pressures. If these selection pressures do not vary independently of each other, a clear establishment of causality between changes in host traits and the selection pressure posed by a given parasite species may be hampered.Experimental evolution enables the establishment of a direct link between the selection imposed by a given environment and the genetic and phenotypic changes observed in a population. The explanatory power of this methodology relies on three major characteristics: (i) knowledge of the ancestral state; (ii) control of the selection forces driving different sets of replicated populations; and (iii) the ability to follow the dynamics of a process, instead of measuring only its end-product (2). In addition, this methodology allows addressing the consequences of the adaptation process for the performance in other environments (3–5).Experimental evolution coupled with whole-genome approaches can provide a nearly unbiased view of the actual targets of selection, a long-standing aim of evolutionary biology (2). To this day few examples exist in which these combined methodologies have been used in multicellular sexual organisms in which most adaptation comes from standing genetic variation (SGV) instead of novel mutations (6–10). However, despite the centrality of host–parasite interactions in evolutionary biology and several experimental evolution studies in host–parasite systems (11–16), to our knowledge, no study of host–parasite interactions has combined experimental evolution with genomics.Another important aspect of experimental evolution is that it allows the measurement of the consequences of evolving in one environment for the performance in other environments (3). Indeed, adaptation to one environment may entail a fitness decrease in other environments, possibly hampering future evolution in such settings (17, 18). Despite being common, these costs are not universal (4) even within experiments (17). Moreover, adapting to one environment may even lead to increased performance in other environments (e.g., 5, 19). In host–parasite interactions, this question is particularly important because of the epidemiological consequences of infecting or resisting multiple hosts or parasites, respectively.Despite ample knowledge of the genes triggered by parasite attacks against Drosophila, only a few key studies have analyzed how an outbred fly population may adapt to a given parasite (11–13, 15). However, the genetic basis and the consequences of such adaptation for host susceptibility to other parasites have not been determined.It has been shown that natural Drosophila melanogaster populations contain SGV for resistance against natural viruses. Whereas some studies show that most of this variation can be attributed to a limited number of genes with major effect (20–23), others indicate that a significant fraction of the genetic variation for resistance is polygenic (24, 25). Interestingly, the alleles that contribute to the variation in resistance to a given virus are of genes unrelated to the canonical insect antiviral defense pathways (26). Moreover, this variation may be rather specific in mediating responses to distinct natural pathogens (21).Here, we addressed the genetics of host adaptation to parasites and the effects in cross-resistance in a D. melanogaster–virus system. To this aim, we performed experimental evolution of an outbred D. melanogaster population exposed to a natural viral parasite (Drosophila C virus or DCV), analyzed the basis for the response using a genome-wide approach, and functionally tested candidate genes for their role in the response against DCV and other parasites.