PCR-ELISA检测疟原虫DNA的研究

目的：介绍一种诊断疟疾的新方法ＰＣＲ－ＥＬＩＳＡ。方法：根据业已报道的疟原虫ＳＳＵｒ－ＲＮＡ基因保守序列，设计并合成一对通用于恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫的引物，其中一引物的５’端加以生物素标记。经ＰＣＲ扩增后，携带有生物素的扩增产物与先期包被于ＥＬＩＳＡ板上的亲和素结合，再经与恶性疟原虫、间日疟原虫特异、荧光素标记的寡核苷酸探针分别杂交，底物显色等步骤，使ＰＣＲ产物得以半定量地检出。结果：对于恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫，本法检出最低原虫密度阈值分别为４和１０个原虫／μｌ血（取血２０μｌ），本法检测两种疟原虫未发现交叉反应。结论：本试验具有较高的敏感度和特异性，可望用于疟疾流行病学调查     

Development of in vitro screening system for assessment of antifilarial activity of compounds

Evaluation of antifilarial activity of new potential agents in vivo is extremely time consuming and uneconomic. In the present study effort has been made to develop an in vitro screening method using Acanthocheilonema viteae, a subcutaneously dwelling rodent filariid with anaerobic metabolic characteristics like human filariids, W. Bancrofti/Brugia malayi as test parasite. Motility test and tetrazolium (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MTT) based colorimetric assay were used as parameters in in vitro assay. Results showed that 92.3% of compounds (in vivo active) could be picked up in the in vitro assay when both adults and microfilarae (mf) were used simultaneously. Mf and adult stages separately detected, respectively, 84.6 and 69.2% of in vivo active compounds. The adults and mf separately and both the life stages together exhibited, respectively, 80.0, 50.0 and 80.0% false positive results in the in vitro test with in vivo inactive compounds. It is felt that mf stage when used in in vitro test using motility and MTT assays as parameters would be useful in primary screening of new potential filaricides.     

Eosinophilic Meningitis and Intraocular Infection Caused by Dirofilaria sp. Genotype Hongkong

Eosinophilic meningitis caused by human diroflarial infection is rare. We report a case of eosinophilic meningitis and concomitant intraocular dirofilarial infection in India. Sequencing of the mitochondrial genome identified the worm as Dirofilaria sp. genotype Hongkong, a close relative of D. repens nematodes.     

Epidemiological transitions in human evolution and the richness of viruses,helminths, and protozoa

Background and objectivesIn absolute terms, humans are extremely highly parasitized compared to other primates. This may reflect that humans are outliers in traits correlated with parasite richness: population density, geographic range area, and study effort. The high degree of parasitism could also reflect amplified disease risk associated with agriculture and urbanization. Alternatively, controlling for other variables, cultural and psychological adaptations could have reduced parasitism in humans over evolutionary time.MethodologyWe predicted the number of parasites that would infect a nonhuman primate with human phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic position, and then compared observed parasitism of humans in eight geopolitical countries to the predicted distributions. The analyses incorporated study effort, phylogeny, and drivers of parasitism in 33 primate species.ResultsAnalyses of individual countries were not supportive of either hypothesis. When analyzed collectively, however, human populations showed consistently lower than expected richness of protozoa and helminths, but higher richness of viruses. Thus, human evolutionary innovations and new parasite exposures may have impacted groups of parasites in different ways, with support for both hypotheses in the overall analysis.Conclusions and implicationsThe high level of parasitism observed in humans only applies to viruses, and was not extreme in any of our tests of individual countries. In contrast, we find consistent reductions in protozoa and helminths across countries, suggesting reduced parasitism by these groups during human evolution. We propose that hygienic and technological advances might have extinguished fecal-orally or indirectly transmitted parasites like helminths, whereas higher human densities and host-shifting potential of viruses have supported increased virus richness.Lay SummaryVastly more parasite species infect humans than any other primate host. Controlling for factors that influence parasite richness, such as the intensity of study effort and body mass, we find that humans may have more viruses, but fewer helminths and protozoa, than expected based on evolutionary analyses of parasitism in other primates.     

中西医结合治疗单纯性淋病58例

中西医结合治疗单纯性淋病５８例天津医科大学第二医院（天津３００２１１）李文全天津中医学院第一附属医院姜湘德我们采用中西医结合疗法治疗５８例男性急性淋菌性尿道炎，获得满意疗效，现报告如下。临床资料根据中华人民共和国卫生部防疫司１９９３年制定的淋病诊断标...     

Comparison Between Different Effects Gained by Courses Of Different Length in Treating Falciparum Malaria with Artesunate Tablet

Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎ　Ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ　Ｇａｉｎｅｄ　ｂｙ　Ｃｏｕｒｓｅｓ　Ｏｆ　Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　Ｌｅｎｇｔｈ　ｉｎ　Ｔｒｅａｔｉｎｇ　Ｆａｌｃｉｐａｒｕｍ　Ｍａｌａｒｉａ　ｗｉｔｈ　Ａｒｔｅｓｕｎａｔｅ　Ｔａｂ...     

Patterning and Separating Infected Bacteria Using Host–Parasite and Virus–Antibody Interactions

Bacteria were selectively deposited on substrates patterned with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) microstructures by using host-parasite and virus-antibody interactions. In this scheme viruses were used to attach onto a host bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. coli). The E. coli expressing the virus were selectively adhered to the regions pretreated with an antibody against the virus proteins while E. coli without the virus showed no selectivity. Single or aggregated cell arrays were fabricated depending on the initial pattern size with respect to the size of E. coli. The current approach could be a general route to spatially positioning or controlling adhesion of other biological species that are not accessible by conventional methods and as a tool for separating and isolating specific cell populations based on host-parasite interactions.     

Mannosylated liposomes formulated with whole parasite P. falciparum blood-stage antigens are highly immunogenic in mice

The development of a blood-stage malaria vaccine has largely focused on the subunit approach. However, the limited success of this strategy, mainly due to antigenic polymorphism and the failure to maintain potent parasite-specific immune responses, indicates that other approaches must be considered. Whole parasite (WP) vaccines offer many advantages over sub-units; they represent every antigen on the organism, thus limiting the effects of antigenic polymorphism, and similarly they compensate for individual Immune-Response (Ir) gene-regulated non-responsiveness to any particular antigen. From a development perspective, they negate the need to identify and compare the relative efficacies of individual candidate antigens. WP vaccines induce protective immunity that is largely cell-mediated.However, WP blood-stage vaccines present a number of challenges for the development pathway. Key issues are cryopreservation and storage and the possible induction of antibodies against red blood cell surface antigens, even if the parasites are grown in blood group O, Rh negative blood. Here, we used a novel adaptation of an immunomagnetic method from STEMCELL™ Technologies to remove the red cell membranes from human red blood cells parasitized with P. falciparum. We then used these antigens to construct liposomes which were modified to present mannose on their membrane to target the liposome to antigen presenting cells. We then compared the immunogenicity of freshly prepared and lyophilized liposome vaccines. Following vaccination of mice, liposomes induced significantly lower antibody responses to human red cells but potent strain- and species-transcending cell-mediated immune responses to parasite antigens. These data support transitioning the P. falciparum liposomal vaccine into clinical studies.