2002年开平市肠道寄生虫感染状况调查

目的了解开平市人体寄生虫感染状况。方法选出有代表性的村民,作人群粪便检查和透明胶纸肛检。结果共调查粪便1516人份,检出5种肠道寄生虫,阳性人数170人,阳性率11．21％。其中蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫、蛲虫和华支睾吸虫的感染率分别为4．68％、0．59％、0．59％、25．49％和4．42％。结论肠道线虫感染率明显下降,华支睾吸虫感染率明显上升。     

CTLA4-Ig inhibits optimal T helper 2 cell development but not protective immunity or memory response to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

The B7 co-stimulatory pathway is critical to T cell activation, however its role in the generation of Th2 cells in vivo remains controversial. We have studied the role of B7 co-stimulation in the development of a Th2 immune response to the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Blockade of B7 co-stimulation with murine CTLA4-Ig (mCTLA4-Ig) resulted in decreased Th2 cell development as determined by IL-4 and IL-5 cytokine production in vitro. It also resulted in lowered Th2 cell effector function in vivo, with marked reductions in IgE production. Blood eosinophilia was variably affected by mCTLA4-Ig treatment, which resulted in both slight and very severe inhibition in different experiments. However, an effective immune response was still evident as demonstrated by the further reduction of cytokine production, IgE titers, and blood eosinophilia in mice treated with a combination of mCTLA4-Ig and anti-CD4 mAb, and by the ability of mCTLA4-Ig-treated mice to expel adult worms. In addition, mCTLA4-Ig treatment did not alter the development of a memory response following secondary infection with N. brasiliensis, with the exception of IgE production. We conclude from these results that B7 co-stimulation is required in this experimental model for optimal Th2 cell development and effector function in vivo but is not necessary for protective immunity.     

The effects of living in an outdoor enclosure on hippocampal plasticity and anxiety‐like behavior in response to nematode infection

The hippocampus of rodents undergoes structural remodeling throughout adulthood, including the addition of new neurons. Adult neurogenesis is sensitive to environmental enrichment and stress. Microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, are involved in adult neurogenesis by engulfing dying new neurons. While previous studies using laboratory environmental enrichment have investigated alterations in brain structure and function, they do not provide an adequate reflection of living in the wild, in which stress and environmental instability are common. Here, we compared mice living in standard laboratory settings to mice living in outdoor enclosures to assess the complex interactions among environment, gut infection, and hippocampal plasticity. We infected mice with parasitic worms and studied their effects on adult neurogenesis, microglia, and functions associated with the hippocampus, including cognition and anxiety regulation. We found an increase in immature neuron numbers of mice living in outdoor enclosures regardless of infection. While outdoor living prevented increases in microglial reactivity induced by infection in both the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, outdoor mice with infection had fewer microglia and microglial processes in the ventral hippocampus. We observed no differences in cognitive performance on the hippocampus‐dependent object location task between infected and uninfected mice living in either setting. However, we found that infection caused an increase in anxiety‐like behavior in the open field test but only in outdoor mice. These findings suggest that living conditions, as well as gut infection, interact to produce complex effects on brain structure and function.     

Clinical pleiomorphism in human leishmaniases, with special mention of asymptomatic infection

This review gives an update of current knowledge on the clinical pleiomorphism of Leishmania, with a special emphasis on the case of asymptomatic carriage. The first part describes the numerous unusual expressions of the disease that occur besides the classic (visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous) forms of leishmaniases. The second part deals with progress in the understanding of disease outcome in humans, and the possible future approaches to improve our knowledge in the field. The third part highlights the role of the too often neglected asymptomatic carrier compartment. This group could be key to understanding infraspecific differences in virulence and pathogenicity of the parasite, as well as identifying the genetic determinants involved in the expression of the disease.     

职专学生肠道寄生虫感染防治效果分析

选择2所职业中专,每个学校选取500名新入校学生为调查对象,进行肠道寄生虫感染及防治效果研究。学生以学校为单位分成干预组和对照组,对照组仅药物驱虫,干预组在药物驱虫基础上实施健康教育和学校卫生环境改造。干预措施实施后,学生肠道寄生虫总感染率由23.30%下降至7.50%,干预组感染率由23.80%下降至2.80%,对照组感染率由22.40%下降至12.20%,干预组和对照组肠道寄生虫感染率均显著下降,但干预组下降更明显。药物防治结合健康教育与环境卫生改造可有效地控制青少年肠道寄生虫感染。     

体液游离寄生虫DNA在寄生虫病诊断中的研究进展

目前在多种寄生虫感染患者的血清、血浆、尿液、唾液等体液中检测到相应的游离寄生虫DNA分子(Cell-Free Parasite DNA,CFPD),由于其高度的特异性和灵敏性,在寄生虫病无创诊断和连续监测等方面展示出较强优势。本文即对近年来国内外学者对寄生虫感染者体液中CFPD的研究现状作一综述,以期为今后寄生虫病诊断的发展方向提供新思路,并对当前存在的相关问题进行探讨。     

湖南省郴州市人体重点寄生虫病原谱及感染现状调查

目的了解和分析郴州市人体重点寄生虫病原谱及感染现状,为寄生虫病防治提供科学依据。方法 2015年在郴州市以整群分层随机抽样法抽取调查点,采用改良加藤法检查肠道蠕虫虫卵、生理盐水涂片法和碘液涂片法检测肠道原虫滋养体或包囊、透明胶纸法查3~6岁儿童蛲虫卵、试管滤纸培养法鉴别钩虫。结果共检查7 031人,肠道蠕虫感染率为1.83%(129例),以钩虫感染为主,各虫种感染率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=107.77,P0.01);钩蚴均为美洲钩虫;未检出肠道原虫。各县(市、区)间肠道蠕虫感染率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=25.77,P0.01)。感染者年龄主要集中在30岁以上人群,感染率随年龄增长而呈现上升的趋势(χ~2=26.21,P0.01);职业以农民为主,农民与其他职业间感染率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=29.67,P0.01)。结论郴州市人体重点寄生虫病原谱以钩虫为主,感染率处于低位水平,但是感染因素仍然存在,需持续采取科学有效的措施以巩固防治成果。     

医学寄生虫学名议

医学寄生虫学名在医学寄生虫学教学、科研论文撰写及学术交流中经常使用。本文通过阐释医学寄生虫学名的由来、命名原则、某些术语的变化规则和在英语语境中的含义,旨在促进对医学寄生虫学名及相关问题的理解。     

Induction of immunogenicity by live attenuated Leishmania donovani centrin deleted parasites in dogs

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, is a neglected tropical disease that is often fatal when untreated. Dogs are considered the main reservoir of L. infantum in zoonotic VL as the presence of infected dogs may increase the risk for human infection. Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a major veterinary and public health problem in Southern Europe, Middle East and South America. Control of animal reservoirs relies on elimination of seropositive dogs in endemic areas. However, treatment of infected dogs is not considered a favorable approach as this can lead to emergence of drug resistance since the same drugs are used to treat human infections. Therefore, vaccination against CVL remains the best alternative in control of the animal reservoirs. In this study, we present data on the immunogenicity profile of a live attenuated parasite LdCen^−/− in a canine infection model and compared it to that of Leishmune^®, a commercially available recombinant vaccine. The immunogenicity of the LdCen^−/− parasites was evaluated by antibody secretion, production of intracytoplasmic and secreted cytokines, activation and proliferation of T cells. Vaccination with LdCen^−/− resulted in high immunogenicity as revealed by the higher IgGTotal, IgG1, and IgG2 production and higher lymphoproliferative response. Further, LdCen^−/− vaccinated dogs showed higher frequencies of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells, increased secretion of TNF-α and IL-12/IL-23p40 and decreased secretion of IL-4. These results contribute to the understanding of immunogenicity elicited by live attenuated L. donovani parasites and, consequently, to the development of effective vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis.