The antigen-presenting environment in normal and human papillomavirus (HPV)-related premalignant cervical epithelium

The activation of HPV-specific T cells within the cervical microenvironment is likely to play an important part in the natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The extent and the type of T cell activation will depend critically on the expression of MHC, costimulatory cell surface molecules and cytokines by keratinocytes and Langerhans cells within the cervical lesion. Expression of MHC class II (HLA-A-DR and -DQ), costimulatory/adhesion molecules (CD11a/18, CD50, CD54, CD58 and CD86) and cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-10) was therefore investigated by immunohistochemistry in normal squamous epithelium (n = 12), low-grade (n = 23) and high-grade (n = 18) squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. CIN progression was associated with de novo expression of HLA-DR and CD54, and increased expression of CD58 by keratinocytes. However, significantly, there was no expression of any adhesion/costimulation molecule by epithelial Langerhans cells in any cervical biopsy studied. Furthermore, TNF-alpha, a potent activator of Langerhans cells, was expressed constitutively by basal keratinocytes in normal cervix (12+/12). but expression of this cytokine was absent in a number of CIN samples (20+/23 for low-grade, 12+/18 for high-grade CIN). Conversely, the suppressive cytokine IL-10 was absent in normal epithelium (0+/12), but was up-regulated in a number of CIN lesions (12+/23 for low-grade; 8+/18 for high-grade CIN). The restricted expression of costimulation/adhesion molecules and the nature of the cytokine microenvironment within the epithelium may act to limit effective immune responses in some CIN lesions.     

重组人乳头瘤病毒6型病毒样颗粒的免疫原性分析

目的　研究重组人乳头瘤病毒 6型 (humanpapillomavirustype 6 ,HPV 6 )病毒样颗粒(virus likeparticle ,VLP)的免疫原性。方法　重组杆状病毒在昆虫细胞中表达制备的HPV 6L1VLP(L1 VLP)和HPV 6L1+L2VLP(L1+2 VLP)经鉴定后 ,用于免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,对诱导的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应进行了检测。结果　电镜观察显示L1 VLP和L1+2 VLP二者形态上无明显差异 ,为圆形颗粒 ,直径约 5 0nm ,SDS PAGE和Westernblot分析表明 ,L1+2 VLP中L1和L2蛋白摩尔比例为 4∶1。用ELISA法测定免疫小鼠血清抗体滴度 ,加佐剂L1 VLP免疫组和加佐剂L1+2 VLP免疫组血清针对HPV 6L1VLP的滴度在 1∶10 0 0 0以上 ,高于未加佐剂组免疫血清滴度 (1∶2 0 0 0 ) ,L1+2 VLP免疫诱导出了特异于L2抗原的抗体。血清抗体主要识别HPV 6构象依赖性抗原表位 ,与HPV 11抗原显示出一定的交叉反应 ,而与HPV 16无明显交叉反应。免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞体外经HPV 6L1VLP再激活后出现了特异性增殖反应 ,3H TdR掺入值与未免疫组之间差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,L1 VLP和L1+2 VLP两组间差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,L1 VLP和L1+2 VLP免疫组刺激指数 (SI)分别为 6 .4和 6 .2 ,阴性对照组SI为 1.1。HPV 6L1VLP再刺激特异地诱导免疫组脾淋巴细胞IL 2和IL 10分     

Detection of capsid antigen of human papillomavirus (HPV) in benign lesions of female genital tract using anti-HPV monoclonal antibody.

We established a murine monoclonal antibody (K1H8) to human papillomavirus (HPV) using alkaline-disrupted virions of HPV type 1 (HPV-1) as the immunogen. K1H8 recognized a 57 kD capsid protein of HPV-1 and detected the antigen in paraffin sections of formalin-fixed tissue. With K1H8, we examined immunohistochemically 68 biopsy specimens obtained from the female genital tract. The specimens were histologically condyloma acuminatum or koilocytotic lesions with or without dysplasia and each specimen was found to harbour a single type of genital HPV, such as types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 51, 52, 56, and 58, by Southern blot hybridization analysis. The antigen was localized in the nuclei and occasionally in the cytoplasm of squamous cells showing koilocytotic changes. Eighty-four per cent of the specimens (57 cases) showed positivity for the antigen, indicating that K1H8 is a broadly-reactive antibody to various genital HPVs. The results suggest that benign mucosal lesions of the female genital tract are more frequently associated with viral production and are a potential source of transmission.     

人乳头状瘤病毒16 E7 DNA在结直肠腺癌组织中的表达

结直肠癌与人类乳头状瘤病毒(Human papilloma virus,HPV)感染有一定的关系,但由于检测方法、标本选择及样本数量不同,各研究结果之间差异很大。为进一步明确结直肠癌变与HPV16感染的关系,采用多聚酶链反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)对82例原发性结直肠腺癌患者手术切除的新鲜癌及癌旁正常粘膜组织进行了前瞻性对照研究,检测了组织中HPV16E7DNA的表达并进行测序鉴定。结果显示,结直肠腺癌组织HPV16E7的表达阳性率(42/82)明显高于癌旁正常粘膜组织(4/82);直肠癌组织中HPV16E7的表达(64.10%)明显高于升结肠癌(18.18%),即癌灶部位距肛门越近,感染率越高;HPV16阳性率与Dukes分期相关,Dukes分期越晚感染率越高;与癌组织分化程度无相关性。结果提示结直肠癌的发生、发展可能与HPV16感染有关。     

Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: Cytologic predictors of biopsy Confirmation

One hundred and seven smears demonstrating a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were analyzed for features predicting subsequent biopsy confirmation. Twelve (29%) of 41 smears showing few LSIL cells were biopsy confirmed compared to 33 (60%) of 55 containing an intermediate number of LSIL cells and 9 (82%) of 11 displaying many LSIL cells (P < 0.002). Thirty-seven (47%) of 78 smears showing mainly condylomatous atypia (CA), 7 (54%) of 13 revealing predominantly cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN 1), and 10 (63%) of 16 displaying both CA and CIN 1 were histologically confirmed (N.S.). Biopsy confirmation was obtained in 35 (65%) of 54 women whose repeat smears obtained at colposcopy demonstrated SIL compared to four (15%) of 26 patients whose repeat smears were normal or contained atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (P < 0.001). These results suggest that the number of diagnostic cells in an LSIL smear predicts biopsy confirmation and affirm the validity of combining CA and CIN 1 under the category of LSIL in the Bethesda System. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Molecular mechanisms of virus-induced carcinogenesis: the interaction of viral factors with cellular tumor suppressor proteins

Accumulating evidence indicates that tumor viruses represent a major etiological factor in a significant portion of human cancers. These cancers include human papillomavirus induced anogenital cancers, hepatitis B and C virus associated hepatocellular carcinomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas and lymphomas linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection, and human T cell leukemia virus associated adult T cell leukemias. This review summarizes the recent progress made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis, with a particular focus on the interaction of viral factors with cellular tumor suppressor proteins. The functional inactivation of tumor suppressor proteins may represent a common strategy by which several tumor viruses contribute to malignant cell transformation.Abbreviations EBV Epstein-Barr virus - E6AP E6-associated protein - HBV Hepatitis B virus - HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma - HPV Human papillomavirus - HTLV Human T cell leukemia virus - pRb Retinoblastoma protein - RB Retinoblastoma - SV40 Simian virus 40     

人乳头瘤病毒16型修饰后E6E7基因免疫原性增强

利用突变修饰后消除转化活性并保留抗原性的中国山东地方株人乳头瘤病毒16型(human papillomavirus type 16,HPVl6)E6E7融合基因(fmE6E7)，研制治疗HPVl6相关疾病的DNA疫苗。用PCR扩增fmE6E7基因后，插人真核表达质粒获得pVRl012-fmE6E7，瞬时转染Cos-7细胞，免疫荧光法检测证实其表达后，在C57BL／6小鼠后腿肌肉进行裸DNA免疫，5lCr释放法体外分析免疫鼠的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞活性Cytotoxic T lymphocyte，CTL)，间接ELISA法检测免疫鼠血清中E7特异性抗体。研究表明修饰后的中国地方株E6E7融合基因可诱导机体产生特异的抗体反应和CTL反应，与单独野生型E7基因免疫相比，E6E7融和基因可更好的活化CTT反应。表明修饰后消除转化活性的中国地方株E6E7融合基因可作为HPVl6治疗性DNA疫苗的靶基因。     

氯霉素乙酰基转移酶双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

目的 建立氯霉素乙酰基转移酶（chloramphenicol acetyltransferase,CAT)双抗体夹心ELISA的实验室检测方法。方法 从质粒pBLCAT6经PCR扩增CAT基因序列，插入到原核表达质粒pGEX-2T中，在大肠埃希菌DH5α中诱导表达；以纯化的融合蛋白GST-CAT为抗原免疫实验用兔，得到的CAT抗血清进行生物素标记，并在此基础上利用生物素链和亲和素放大系统建立双抗体夹心ELISA法，构建不同YY1结合位点突变的HPV16LCRCAT报道质粒，体外瞬时转染真核细胞，提取胞质蛋白，以建立的方法进行CAT表达检测。结果 SDS-PAGE显示表达的GST-CAT融合蛋白相对分子质量约为54000；制备的CAT抗血清可有效地识别原核及哺乳动物细胞表达的CAT蛋白；在不同启动子及调节序列的控制下，利用建立的CAT检测技术证明在瞬时转染的细胞中可诱导2-8倍的CAT表达增强。结论 建立的双抗体夹心ELISA方法可敏感地反映上游序列的启动子活性，以及启动子调节序列变化对启动子活性的影响，使CAT作为报道基因的研究更为简单化。     

人乳头状瘤病毒11型E7抗原HLA-A*0201限制性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞表位的功能鉴定

目的 筛选和鉴定人乳头状瘤病毒11型E7抗原(HPVllE7)HLA-A*0201限制性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)表位.方法 预测HPVllE7抗原HLA-A*0201限制性CTL表位并合成相对应的表位多肽和四聚体(tetramer),即HPVllE7 7-15(TLKDIVLDL)、15-23(LQPPDPVGL)、47-55(PLTQHYQIL)、81-89(DLLLGTLNI)和82-90(LLLGTLNIV).从健康HLA-A*0201成人外周血单一核细胞诱导树突状细胞(DC)并负载上述表位多肽,流式细胞技术检测DC成熟分化标记及ELISA法检测DC分泌的IL-12;成熟DC负载各组多肽后观察DC激活T淋巴细胞的效应,ELISA法检测T细胞分泌的IFN-γ;四聚体检测抗原特异性CD8+ T细胞及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法评价DC诱导的CTL对靶细胞的特异性体外杀伤效应.结果 预测的5条HPVllE7表位多肽均能诱导DC的成熟分化;E7 7-15、82-90和15-23多肽负载的DC能激活T淋巴细胞分泌高水平IFN-γ;E7 7-15多肽负载的DC能刺激特异性tetramer+CD8+细胞增殖且其诱导的CTL对HPVllE7/293细胞产生高效率的特异性杀伤作用(P<0.05).结论 筛选并鉴定出1条HPVllE7HLA-A*0201限制性CTL表位E7 7-15(TLKDIVLDL),负载该表位肽的DC体外可诱导高效、特异性的CTL效应,抗原性较强,有可能作为HPV感染治疗用肽疫苗的候选表位.